AP World History Review

AP World History Flashcards

Dar-al-Islam

The world of Islam, including the Seljuk Empire, Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, and the Delhi Sultanates.

Abbasid Caliphate

A major Islamic dynasty with its capital in Baghdad.

Mamluk Sultanate

A powerful military sultanate particularly known in Egypt and Syria.

Delhi Sultanate

A Muslim kingdom that ruled over a large part of the Indian subcontinent from 1206 to 1526.

House of Wisdom

A major Abbasid-era intellectual center and library in Baghdad during the Islamic Golden Age.

Great Zimbabwe

A kingdom with a centralized administration, cattle herding, agriculture, and a thriving gold trade.

Song Dynasty

Dynasty that utilized CONFUCIAN PRINCIPLES and an IMPERIAL BUREAUCRACY to maintain and justify its rule.

Pax Mongolica

A relative period of peace for the Mongols.

Neo-Confucianism

A new revival and reinterpretation of traditional Confucian teachings.

Syncretism

Blend of multiple religions, such as Sikhism, a blend of Hinduism and Islam.

Champa rice

Drought resistant rice in China, very significant in population growth.

Feudalism

A decentralized social, political, and economic hierarchical system prevalent in medieval Europe.

Black Death

A devastating pandemic that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s.

Magna Carta

A document establishing that the monarch was not above the law and guaranteed certain rights and freedoms.

Golden Horde

One of the Mongol Khanates, in Russia.

Aztec

Centralized empire known for its powerful military and extensive TRIBUTE SYSTEM with capital in TENOCHTITLAN.

Chinampas

Floating gardens used by the Aztec to provide agriculture.

Inca

Empire with a highly centralized bureaucracy, extensive ROAD SYSTEM, and TERRACE FARMING.

Maya

Independent city-states with innovations in mathematics, astronomy, and writing.

Angkor Wat

Hindu-Buddhist temple from Khmer Empire.

Kashgar and Samarkand

Cities that grew from the Silk Roads.

Timbuktu

Major center of trade and learning in the Mali empire.

Caravanserai

Rest stops for merchants on trade routes, facilitating cultural exchange.

Diasporic communities

Communities set up by merchants along trade routes to learn indigenous traditions.

Bhakti movement

Hindu devotional movement that challenged the Hindu caste system.

Sufism

Mystical branch of Islam with a deep connection with God through practices like meditation and prayer.

Zheng He

Muslim Chinese explorer who led voyages of exploration, expanding China’s influence.

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim traveler who reflected the impact of Islam in his writings.

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali who went on the Hajj to Mecca, showcasing Mali’s wealth.

Bureaucracy

A system with multiple officials administering an empire.

Civil Service Exams

A meritocratic system based on Confucian ideals used to recruit officials based on skill.

Tax farming

System of revenue collection where individuals collect taxes, such as Zamindars in the Mughal Empire.

Bills of exchange

Commercial technologies that helped merchants not carry items of exchange all the way back from their routes.

Ottoman Empire

Empire located in Southeastern Europe, West Asia, and North Africa.

Safavid Empire

Empire located in what is now Iran (Persia).

Mughal Empire

Empire centered in the Indian subcontinent.

Russian Empire

Empire located in Europe, Asia, and North America.

Ottoman Janissaries

Christian boys recruited as a tax from their families, converted to Islam, and put into military.

Devshirme

The process/system of recruiting these Christian boys.

Sharia

A system of Islamic religious law.

Legitimize and consolidate

To make something valid, lawful, or acceptable, and to bring separate parts together into a single, unified whole.

Glorious Revolution

Event in English history where King James II was overthrown and replaced by William of Orange and his wife Mary.

Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther disagreed with the practices of the Catholic Church by posting his 95 thesis.

Columbian Exchange

New connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres resulting in the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases.

Mercantilism

Nations aimed to increase their wealth and power by exporting more goods than they imported.

Encomienda system

Spanish system where a person was granted a # of natives for labor, and in return, natives were Christianized

Hacienda system

Feudal-like system where indigenous people worked the land in debt peonage.

Chattel slavery

People bought and sold as the personal property of the owner.

Indentured servitude

People enter into a contract to serve as labor to an employer for a fixed amount of time.

Treaty of Tordesillas

An agreement between Spain and Portugal in 1494 that divided the world into two spheres of influence.

Enlightenment

Inspired political revolutions with ideas like natural rights, social contracts, and popular sovereignty.

French Revolution

Revolution caused by famine, inequality between the three estates, debt, and taxes.

Reign of Terror

A period of extreme violence and political repression led by MAXIMILIEAN ROBESPIERRE.

Haitian Revolution

Led by Toussaint L’Overture, first successful slave revolt and Haiti becomes independent republic.

Letter from Jamaica

Reflects Bolívar's vision for a united Latin America by emphasizing the need for solidarity.

Karl Marx

Focused on critique of capitalism and development of socialist and communist theory.

Factory systems

Caused poor working conditions for the working class.

Liberalism

Emphasized individual rights, liberty, and equality.

Socialism

An economic and political system where the community or state owns and manages resources.

Marxism

Theory which explores the relationship between the bourgeoisie and proletariat and predicts a revolutionary shift towards communism.

Colonialism

A dominant nation's control over another country, often involving settlement, resource extraction, and the imposition of cultural and political systems.

Suez Canal and Panama Canal

Artificial waterways that significantly reduced travel time and costs for maritime trade.

Opium Wars

Wars caused by the British trading opium with China, resulting in conflict.

Treaty of Nanjing

Ended the first Opium War, the first of the unequal treaties between China and foreign imperialist powers.

Social Darwinism

Science used to justify racism.

Berlin Conference

A meeting of European powers that formalized the Scramble for Africa.

Cold War

Caused by US capitalism and USSR communism.

Nelson Mandela

Dismantled apartheid in South Africa.

Gorbachev

Implemented Glasnost (openness), and Perestroika (restructuring).