Adaptations to different diets

Humans have _____ teeth.

____ chisel shaped ___________ at the front for biting and cutting

_____ pointed __________ that function as incisors

_____ large fat teeth on each side called __________ and ________ for chewing

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8 incisors

4 canines

10 premolars molars

How is dentition of herbivores adapted to their diets

Incisors on lower jaw

Canines are absent

Diastema space

Premolars + molars

Herbivores function of:

Incisors on lower jaw

Canines are absent

Diastema space

Premolars + molars

cut vegetation against a horny pad on upper jaw.

Herbivores function of:

canines

canines are absent/ indistinguishable

Herbivores function of diastema space

tongue can push food to grinding cheek teeth

Herbivores function of molars and premolars

cheek teeth fit together in a WM shape. Jaw moves horizontally so interlocking teeth grind tooth:

How is the dentition of carnivores adapted for their diet

Canines

Incisors

Carnassial teeth

Premolars and molars

Canines

long and pointed — pierce flesh, sieze and kill prey

Incisors

upper and lower jaw — grip and tear flesh

Carnassial teeth

act like sheers, sliding past each other to rip muscle from bone

Premolars and molars

have sharp cusps that cut and crush, jaw has strong muscles and moves in a vertical plane to strongly clamp down to hold prey

How is the gut adapted for a herbivore diet

Very long gut — difficulty to digest cellulose

Large caecum which contains bacteria that produces cellulase for cellulose digestion

How is the gut adapted for a carnivore diet

Relatively short gut

Large stomach for digestion of mostly protein diets

Small caecum

Define ruminants

group of herbivores that use rumen to digest food

1. Grass mixed with ________ and then ________ before being swallowed.

2. ________ enters the ________. ________-digesting bacteria produces ________, breaking down ________ into ________.

3. ________ cud from the ________ enters ________. The cud is ________ from here and the ________ back into the mouth to be ________.

4. ________ cud is swallowed and enters the ________ where ________ absorption occurs.

5. Food from the ________ enters the fourth and final chamber, the ________, where ________ digestion occurs.

6. Products of digestion are ________ into the ________ in the ________ ________.

saliva chewed

Cud rumen cellulose cellulase cellulose glucose

Fermented rumen reticulum regurgitated rumen rechewed

Rechewed omasum water

omasum abomasum protein

absorbed blood small intestine

Why do ruminants contain greater variety of mutualistic organisms than the caecum

enables a more complete breakdown of cellulose

Why is stomach located before then main region on enzyme production in ruminants?

So when bacteria die they pass through this region with the food giving an extra source of protein to ruminants