AP Psych Unit 8 Clinical Psychology Part 3

Psychoanalytic, psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive therapies

2 main categories of modern western therapies

psychotherapy and biomedical therapy

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

therapist may explore client early relationships and encourage client to adopt new ways of thinking and replace old behaviors with new ones

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology

ex: receiving antidepressants or deep brain stimulations

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that use technique from various forms of therapy

sigmund freud’s psychoanalysis form foundation for

psychological disorder treatment and influence modern therapist with psychodynamic perspective

psychoanalysis

freud’s technique where he believed the patients free associations, resistances, dreams and transferences (and therapist interpretations of them) release previously repressed feelings allowing the patient to gain self-insight

Freud believed to decrease anxiety

one must release energy devoted to id-ego-superego

resistance

the blocking from consciousness of anxiety laden material

interpretation

the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

this is where underlying wishes/feelings/conflicts you are avoiding are being exposed

transferring

the patient transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships

ex: hate parents you will hate the therapist

now psychoanalysis is used by few because expensive and time consuming but

influenced psychodynamic therapy

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences and seeks to enhance self-insight

psychodynamic therapy help people understand on current symptoms by

focusing on their childhood and therapist-client relationships and not id-ego-superego

psychodynamic therapists help clients understand themes

that run through past and current relationships

humanistic therapy

attempt to reduce inner conflict that interfere with natural development and growth

insight therapies

therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning be increasing a person’s awareness or underlying motives and defenses

humanistic therapists goals

aim to increase people’s self-fulfillment through growth in self-awareness and self-acceptance

promote growth > curing illness

taking responsibility for feelings/actions and not uncovering hidden determinants

conscious thoughts more important than unconscious

present and future are more important than past

Carl Rogers developed client centered therapy which is

a nondirective therapy where client leads discussion

Carl Rogers believed most people possess resources for growth

so he encourage therapist to foster growth by being accepting, genuine, and empathetic

client-centered therapy

Roger’s humanistic therapy in which therapists exhibits acceptance, genuineness, and empathy through techniques like active listening to foster client’s growth

active listening

empathetic listening in which the listener echos, restates, and clarifies and a feature of Roger’s client-centered therapy

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, non-judgmental attitude which Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

to increase communication in relationships you should

paraphrase, invite clarification and reflect feelings

behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

counterconditioning

behavior therapies procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors including exposure therapy and adverse conditioning

counterconditioning goal is to

pair triggering stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with fear

Mary Cover Jones use counterconditioning to

pair Peter fear of bunny with pleasurable experience of eating resulting in Peter to have no fear

Joseph Wolpe refined Jones technique

into the exposure therapies

exposure therapy

behavior techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people (imagined and actual situations) to things they fear and avoid

2 types of exposure therapy

systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy

systematic desensitization

an exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli

systematic desensitization is usually used to treat

phobias through process of learning how to be relaxed → make list of anxiety triggering events → imagine events and retreat to progressive relaxation when anxious → repeat until list is complete and then move to real situations

virtual reality exposure therapy

a counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their greatest fears

aversive conditioning

creates a negative response to a harmful stimulus; associate unwanted behavior with unpleasant feeling

the ability to discriminate between therapy and real situations

can decrease the effectiveness of aversive conditioning

exposure therapy helps us accept what should be done and

aversive conditioning helps us learn what we should not do

BF Skinner principle of operant conditioning

consequences strongly influence our voluntary behavior so therapists should practice behavior modifications reinforcing desired behaviors and fail to reinforce/punish undesired behaviors

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange it for privileges or treat

token economy negative effects

client rely on extrinsic rewards so therapist must wean off token and switch to real life/intrinsic rewards such as social approval to keep desired behaviors

right to control one’s behavior it is better for temporary deprivation to get an effective treatment and better life or institutionalization and punishments

cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new more adaptive ways of thinking based on assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

cognitive therapy aims to

help people change their mind with new more constructive ways of perceiving and interpreting events

rational-emotive behavior therapy REBT

a confrontational cognitive therapy that vigorously challenges people’s illogical self-defeating attitudes/assumptions

Albert Ellis created REBT because he believed

if you show people the absurdity of their thoughts their thinking can change

Aaron Beck realized challenging negative thoughts

can change their functioning and used this for depression to reveal irrational thinking and stop them from being pessimistic

stress inoculation training

teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations from negative to positive self talk

cognitive-behavioral therapy CBT

an integrative theory that combines cognitive therapy (change self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

CBT goal is to

make people aware of irrational negative thoughts and replace it with positive ways of thinking and train people to practice a more positive approach

dialectical behavior therapy DBT a newer version of CBT

helps change harmful and suicidal behavior patterns by making peace between change and acceptance

group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals providing benefits from group interactions

group therapy benefits

save time and $, same effectiveness as individual, place to explore social behaviors and develop social skills, show that other people share the same problem and feedback on clients new behaviors

family therapy

therapy that treats people in the context of their family system views an individual unwanted behavior as influenced by or directed at other family members

family therapy helps people discover

their role and learn how to communicate more openly and directly