Catabolic-Pathways

Specific Catabolic Pathways

Carbohydrate, Lipid, and Protein Metabolism:The pathways involved in breaking down carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins for energy production.

Convergence of Pathways

The point at which the specific pathways of carbohydrate, fat, and protein catabolism merge into a common pathway.

Glycolysis

A series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions by which glucose is oxidized to two molecules of pyruvate.

Phosphorylation

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, often used to activate or deactivate enzymes.

Isomerization

The rearrangement of the atoms within a molecule to form an isomer.

Fructose 6-phosphate

An intermediate molecule formed during glycolysis through the isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate.

Phosphofructokinase

An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate during glycolysis.

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

A molecule formed through the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate during glycolysis.

Triose phosphates

Molecules with three carbon atoms formed through the cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate during glycolysis.

Phosphotriose isomerase

An enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of triose phosphates during glycolysis.

D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

An intermediate molecule formed during glycolysis through the isomerization of triose phosphates.

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate during glycolysis.

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

A molecule formed through the oxidation of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate during glycolysis.

Phosphoglycerate kinase

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP during glycolysis.

2-Phosphoglycerate

A molecule formed through the isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate during glycolysis.

Phosphoenolpyruvate

A molecule formed through the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate during glycolysis.

Pyruvate

The end product of glycolysis, which can be further metabolized in different ways depending on the presence or absence of oxygen.

Lactate

A molecule formed through the reduction of pyruvate under anaerobic conditions.

Lactate dehydrogenase

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate during anaerobic conditions.

Pyruvate

A three-carbon molecule produced during glycolysis.

Lactate

A product of the reduction of pyruvate, which allows glycolysis to continue but increases lactate and H+ concentration in muscle tissue.

Ethanol

A product of the reduction of acetaldehyde, which is generated from pyruvate in yeasts and other organisms.

Acetyl-CoA

A molecule formed from pyruvate through oxidative decarboxylation, which serves as the entrance to the citric acid cycle.

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Also known as a shunt, it is a metabolic pathway that generates pentose sugars and NADPH.

Glycolysis

A series of reactions that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

Glycerol

A molecule that enters glycolysis via dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

Fatty acids

The principal storage form of energy in triglycerides, with a higher energy yield per gram compared to carbohydrates.

β-Oxidation

A series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that cleaves carbon atoms two at a time from the carboxyl end of a fatty acid.

Ketone bodies

Acetone, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate, which are formed in the liver mitochondria and can be used as a fuel in various tissues and organs.

Protein Catabolism

The breakdown of proteins into smaller components.

Nitrogen of Amino Acids

The nitrogen atoms present in amino acids.

Transamination

The transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another.

Pyridoxal phosphate

A coenzyme involved in amino acid metabolism.

Imine

A compound containing a C=N group.

Isomeric imine

An isomer of an imine compound.

Hydrolysis

The chemical breakdown of a compound by reaction with water.

Alpha-ketoacid

A type of organic acid that contains a keto group.

Pyridoxamine

A compound involved in amino acid metabolism.

Glutamate

An amino acid involved in nitrogen metabolism.

Oxidative deamination

The removal of an amino group from an amino acid.

Urea Cycle

A cyclic pathway that produces urea from CO2 and NH4+.

Carbamoyl phosphate

A compound involved in the urea cycle.

Aspartate

An amino acid involved in the urea cycle.

Citrulline

An intermediate compound in the urea cycle.

Argininosuccinate

An intermediate compound in the urea cycle.

Ornithine

An amino acid involved in the urea cycle.

Urea

A waste product formed in the urea cycle.

Fumarate

A compound involved in the urea cycle.

Glucogenic amino acids

Amino acids whose carbon skeletons can be converted to glucose.

Ketogenic amino acids

Amino acids whose carbon skeletons can be converted to ketone bodies.

Acetyl CoA

A molecule involved in energy metabolism.

Acetoacetyl CoA

A molecule involved in energy metabolism.

Heme Catabolism

The breakdown of heme molecules.

Globin

The protein component of hemoglobin.

Ferritin

A protein that stores iron.

Bilirubin

A yellow pigment formed from the breakdown of heme.