Union Executive: President and Vice-President of India

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Vocabulary flashcards summarising key constitutional terms, offices and powers related to the Indian President and Vice-President.

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39 Terms

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President of India

Constitutional head of state and head of the Union Executive who acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers.

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Nominal Head of State

A leader who formally holds executive power but exercises it only on ministerial advice; role played by the Indian President in a parliamentary system.

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Council of Ministers

Body headed by the Prime Minister that advises the President and exercises real executive power.

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Prime Minister of India

Head of government who leads the Council of Ministers and is appointed by the President.

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Qualifications for President

Citizen of India, at least 35 years old, and qualified to be elected to the Lok Sabha; must not hold an office of profit.

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Term of Office (President)

Five years, with eligibility for re-election; continues until successor assumes office.

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Electoral College (Presidential)

Elected MPs and elected MLAs who vote to choose the President of India.

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Office of Profit

A government post that yields financial gain; holders are disqualified from contesting the Presidential election.

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Proposers and Seconders Requirement

Presidential nomination must have 50 proposers and 50 seconders from the Electoral College (raised from 10 each in 1997).

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Value of Vote

Numerical weight assigned to each MP’s or MLA’s vote in a Presidential election, calculated to maintain federal balance.

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Indirect Election

Method where citizens do not vote directly; the President and Vice-President are chosen by elected representatives.

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Single Transferable Vote System

Proportional representation method with preferential ballots used in Presidential and Vice-Presidential elections.

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Proportional Representation

Electoral principle ensuring seats or outcomes reflect the proportion of votes received.

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Impeachment (President)

Removal process for violation of the Constitution requiring a two-thirds majority in both Houses of Parliament.

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Vacancy in Presidential Office

Can arise by expiry of term, death, resignation, or impeachment; must be filled within six months if mid-term.

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Emoluments (President)

Salary, allowances, and rent-free furnished residence determined by Parliament and not diminished during tenure.

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Executive Powers of President

Include issuing orders, forming the Council of Ministers, appointing high dignitaries, and administering Union Territories.

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Legislative Powers of President

Summons, prorogues and dissolves the Lok Sabha, nominates members to Rajya Sabha, addresses Parliament, and assents to Bills.

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Financial Powers of President

Prior recommendation for Money Bills, presentation of the Budget, and control of the Contingency Fund.

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Pardoning Power

Authority to grant pardon, reprieve, commutation, remission, or respite to persons convicted of offences.

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Ordinance-Making Power

Power to promulgate temporary laws when Parliament is not in session; ordinances lapse if not approved within six weeks of reassembly.

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Emergency Powers

Special powers to declare National Emergency, President’s Rule, or Financial Emergency under specified constitutional articles.

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National or General Emergency

Proclamation under Article 352 during war, external aggression, or armed rebellion affecting the whole or part of India.

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President’s Rule

Emergency under Article 356 imposed when a State’s constitutional machinery fails; Parliament assumes State functions.

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Financial Emergency

Article 360 provision allowing the President to act when India’s financial stability or credit is threatened.

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Supreme Commander

Role of the President as head of India’s defence forces, exercised according to parliamentary law.

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Assent to Legislation

President’s approval required for a Bill to become law; may withhold or return non-money Bills once for reconsideration.

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Money Bill

Finance-related Bill that can be introduced only on Presidential recommendation and in Lok Sabha.

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Contingency Fund of India

Fund at the President’s disposal for meeting unforeseen expenditure pending parliamentary approval.

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Administrator of Union Territory

Official through whom the President governs a Union Territory as provided by the Constitution.

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Discretionary Powers of President

Limited areas where the President may act without or contrary to ministerial advice, e.g., asking for reconsideration of advice.

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Immunity of President

During tenure, no criminal proceedings can be instituted and no court can require the President to answer for official acts.

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Vice-President of India

Second highest constitutional office; ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha and first in line to act as President.

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Qualifications for Vice-President

Citizen of India, at least 35 years old, eligible for Rajya Sabha membership, and not holding an office of profit.

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Term of Office (Vice-President)

Five years, continuing until a successor assumes office; can resign by writing to the President.

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Removal of Vice-President

Can be removed by a resolution of the Rajya Sabha passed by an absolute majority and agreed to by the Lok Sabha.

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Electoral College (Vice-Presidential)

All elected and nominated members of both Houses of Parliament who vote to elect the Vice-President.

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Ex-Officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha

Primary role of the Vice-President, presiding over the Upper House and regulating its proceedings.

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Casting Vote

Deciding vote exercised by the Rajya Sabha Chairman (Vice-President) in case of a tie.