ANSC 301 VOCABULARY

Ketone

________- a group of chemicals that includes acetone, acetoacetate acid, and betahydroxy butyric acid; they are produced in excess when carbohydrate metabolism is low and fat is being metabolized for energy.

Catalyst

________- a substance that changes the rate of a chemical but is not itself used up in the reaction The use of platinum in hydrogenating unsaturated fats is an example.

Urease

________- an enzyme that acts on urea to produce carbon dioxide and ammonia; it is present in numerous microorganisms in the rumen.

Defluorination

________- having the fluorine content reduced to a level that is nontoxic under normal feed use.

Amylase

________- any of several enzymes that can hydrolyze starch to maltose or glucose.

Abomasum

________- the fourth compartment of a ruminants stomach, which has functions similar to that of the glandular stomach of non- ruminants.

Cellulose

________- a polymer of glucose molecules that is resistant to hydrolysis by most digestive enzymes (except some produced by microorganisms)

Cholic

________ acid- a family of steroids comprising the bile acids; they are derived from metabolism of cholesterol by the liver.

Antivitamin

________- a substance that interferes with the synthesis or metabolism of a vitamin.

Viscera

________- the organs of the great cavities of the body, which are removed at slaughter.

Lymph

________- the slightly yellow transparent fluid occupying the lymphatic channels of the body.

Starch

________- a polysaccharide that yields glucose on hydrolysis; found in high concentrations in most seed grains.

Carotene

________- a yellow organic compound that is the precursor of vitamin A.

Miscible

________- capable of being mixed easily with another substance.

Biological value

________- the efficiency with which a protein furnishes the required amounts of essential amino acids; usually expressed as a percentage.

Oil

________- usually a mixture of pure fats that is liquid at room temperature.

Lactase

________- an enzyme present in the intestinal juice that acts on lactose to produce glucose and galactose.

Pentose

________- a five- carbon sugar such as arabinose, xylose, or ribose.

Uremia

________- a toxic accumulation of urinary constituents in the blood due to faulty kidney excretion.

Hydrogenation

________- the chemical addition of hydrogen to any unsaturated compound (double bond), often to fatty acids.

Linoleic

________ acid- an 18- carbon unsaturated fatty acid; one of the essential fatty acids; it occurs widely in plant glycerides.

Nutrient

________- any chemical substance that provides nourishment to the body.

Degradation

________- conversion of a chemical compound to one that is less complex.

TDN

________ (Total Digestible Nutrients)- a value that indicates the relative energy value for a feed for an animal.

ADF

________- acid detergent fiber; the fraction of a feedstuff not soluble by acid detergent; roughly comparable to crude fiber plus lignin.

Fistula

________- an abnormal passage from some part of the body to another part or the exterior, sometimes surgically inserted.

Antibiotic

________- a substance produced by one microorganism that has an inhibitory effect on another organism.

Esophagus

________- the passageway (tube) from the mouth to the stomach.

Emulsify

________- to disperse small drops of liquid into another liquid.

Gastrointestinal

________- pertaining to the stomach and intestine.

Deamination

________- removal of the amino group from an amino acid.

Alimentary

________- having to do with feed or water.

Beriberi

________- a deficiency (acute) of thiamine, one of the B- complex vitamins.

Reticular

________ groove- a muscular structure at the lower end of the esophagus that, when closed, forms a tube allowing milk to go directly into the abomasum; sometimes referred to as the esophageal groove.

Excreta

________- the products of excretion, primarily feces and urine.

Mucosa

________- the membranes that line the passages and cavities of the body.

Palmitic

________ acid- a saturated fatty acid with 16 carbon atoms.

Disaccharide

________- any of several dimers (contains two simple sugars); for example, sucrose (common table sugar) yields glucose and fructose.

Additive

________- an ingredient or combination of ingredients added in small quantities to a basic feed mix for the purpose of fortifying the basic mix with trace nutrients, medicines, or drugs.

Crude

________ fat- the portion of feed (or other material) that is soluble in ether; also referred to as ether extracts.

Macrominerals

________- the major minerals (in terms of the amounts required in the diet or found in body tissues): calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), magnesium (Mg), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and sulfur (S)

Oxidation

________- the union of a substance with oxygen; the increase of positive charges on an atom or loss of negative charges.

Thyroxine

________- an iodine- containing hormone that is produced by the thyroid gland.

Maltase

________- an enzyme that splits maltose to produce two molecules of glucose.

Sterol

________- an alcohol of high molecular weight, such as cholesterol; a basic compound used to synthesize many vital chemicals for both plants and animals.

Triglycerides

________ (fat)- an ester composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.

Lignin

________- a biologically unavailable polymer that is a major structural component of the cell wall of plants.

Antioxidant

________- a substance that inhibits the oxidation of other compounds.

Uric

________ acid- a nitrogenous end product of purine metabolism; it is the principal nitrogen- containing component in urine of birds.

animal incidental

Heat increment- the heat that is unavoidably produced by a(n) ________ with nutrient digestion and utilization.

-          Abomasum

the fourth compartment of a ruminants stomach, which has functions similar to that of the glandular stomach of non-ruminants

-          Antioxidant

a substance that inhibits the oxidation of other compounds

-          Chymotrypsin

a proteolytic digestive enzyme secreted by the pancreas

-          Coenzyme

an organic molecule required by some enzymes to produce enzymatic activity; vitamin coenzymes include niacin, pyridoxine, thiamine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and folic acid

-          Digestion

the process involved in preparing food for absorption

-          Gastrointestinal

pertaining to the stomach and intestine

-          Glucose

a six-carbon monosaccharide found in the blood and as a component of sucrose and maltose and other sugars

-          Macrominerals - the major minerals (in terms of the amounts required in the diet or found in body tissues)

calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), magnesium (Mg), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and sulfur (S)

-          Microminerals - the trace elements required by animal tissues that must be in the diet

cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), fluorine (F), iodine (I), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), silicon (Si), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn)

-          Minerals

as applied to animal nutrition, elements that are essential to the plant or animal and that are found in its tissues

-          Monosaccharide

any one of several simple sugars

-          Oxidation

the union of a substance with oxygen; the increase of positive charges on an atom or loss of negative charges

-          Palmitic acid

a saturated fatty acid with 16 carbon atoms

-          Pentosan

a polysaccharide made up primarily of five-carbon sugars; araban and xylan are examples

-          Proximate analysis

a combination of analytical procedures used to describe feeds, excreta, and other agricultural products

-          Villi - small threadlike projections attached to the interior of the wall of the small intestine to increase its absorptive surface area (singular

villus)

This group includes ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and the B complex

biotin, choline, cobalamin or cyanocobalamin, folacin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamine