AP Euro U7 Review

risorgiento

* italian nationalist movement led by Camilo di Cavoir

camilo di cavoir

* PM of Piedmont-Sardinia
* wanted initially to unite N. and Cen. Italy
* modernized P-S
* forms secret alliance w/farnce and Nap. III

Zolferine

* created econ. profits and unity
* poverty and unemp. = DOWN
* cities and factories = UP

Prussian interest in unification

* Prussia is interested in unification b/c their influence is down
* Reichstag making it diff to do anything

bismarck

* begins as prussian nationalist and suspicious of modern ideas
* flexible opportunist (real politik)
* GOALS: build up prussia’s strength and influence in Europe

Bismarck’s plan to unite austira

* use german nationalism to remove austria from German affairs and take the lead in unification under prussia

The Constitutional Struggle

* Bismarck knew the army needed to be beefed up
* liberals protest, but bismarck says its necessary

Prussia VS Denmark (1/3)

* stirs up german nationalism and boosts prussian morale
* Bismarck gets the austrians to get w/Prussia in joint administration (building tensions)

Austria VS Prussia (2/3)

* Bismarck wants a quick, localized defeat
* Prussia wins shortly
* RESULT: all german states NORTH of Mayan River = consolidated in the Northern German Confederation under wilhelm I as pres.
* allow UNIV MALE SUFFRAGE

Franco-Prussian War

* Bismarck realizes he needs to beat france to get S. Ger. states
* prussians crush france w/fairly short war
* Treaty of Frankfurt
* southern german states agreed to join the new German empire

2 distinct approaches to Russia in late 19th/early 20th cen

1. Westernizers - want russia to adopt Western ways
2. slaviphiles - russia has its own special desitny as the leading Slavic power


1. RESULT OF 2 Conflicts = tension within the russian govt

Czar Alexander II

* liberalish fan of reform to a DEGREE
* knows serfdom must go and that russia is poor and needs industrializing

intelligencia

* educated indiv. w/ideas that criticized the gov’t and debated in russia
* over-exaggerated sense of self
* believed intellectuals should have a large role in soxiety and exag. the impact groups like them had

The Crimean War

* Alexander II comes to power during this war
* huge wake up call for the gov’t and military
* suffered huge defeats
* russia gov’t sees the need to westernize for the sake of military power

Serfdom under Alexander II

* wanted to abolish serfdom w/o creating a class of landless peasants
* result: est. a plan w/the Boyars (1/2 land on estates = purchased by newly freed serfs)
* peasants can’t afford
* way of life for peasants doesn’t change that much but serfdom is gone

local gov’t reforms under Alexander II

* alexander est. local gov’t units w/diff districts being overseen by councils (Zemstvos)
* elected by townspeopel and dealt w/local issues

legal reforms under alexander II

* independent judicial system and created official set of courts; est. due process provisions but intelligencia = unsatisfied

Where do marxist theories not apply?

* russia b/c it is not industrialized

peasant socialism

* derivation of socialism
* alexander Herzen - leading proponent that believed revolution would come from Rus. Peasantry

Reactionary crackdown following Alexander II assassination

* brutal repression of all reformers/liberals in russia, but existing reforms are maintained

russification

* the forcible assimilation of non-russians
* spearheaded by the church

1890 industrialization in Russia

* Ct. Sergei Witte (knew russia needed to modernize)
* gov’t built large amt of railroads
* protective tariffs and put russia on gold standard
* western investment
* working class conditions = atrocious

Russia VS Japan in late 19th/early 20th cen

* japan = on the rise as a power in East asia that was westernizing
* japanese destroy the russians

The Revolution of 1905 (russia)

* b/c of industrialization/modernization in Russia, intelligencia wanted a say (a constitutional monarchy)
* workers (societs) - want workers councils; marxist; organized illegally
* army is fighting the Japanese, so there’s no battle initially until Bloody Sunday

bloody sunday

* workers march to Czar’s winter palace and are killed by troops
* result: Czar grants October Manifest

what did every nation operate under in late 19th/early 20th century?

* nation state

2 themes of euro nations in late 19th/early 20th cen

* mass politics (getting more ppl. involved; univ male suffrage; women want vote)
* growing mass loyalty to the nation (pol. parties compete for the votes of ordinary ppl)
* gov’ts seem more worthy of respect, but politicians can now utilize this to distract from domestic problems

Cultural Struggle (germany)

* bismarck going after the Catholic Church b/c they made concerning declarations against him
* largely a failure → 1878 bismarck gives up
* Result: bismarck + church work together and enact high tariffs

Bismarck’s social reforms

* 1st comprehensive social welfare program
* 1st social security laws
* nat’l sickness and accident insurance laws
* system of retirement benefits

ENACTED TO STEAL SOCIALISTS’ THUNDER

Dropping of the Pilot

* William II becomes Kaiser and fires Bismarck
* Result: Bismarck’s complex BOP system falls apart

paris commune

* working classes in Paris want to rule Paris w/o the rule of the Third Rep after the Franco-Prussian War
* nat’l assembly + prussia help to crush the Paris Commune
* Result: national unity = UP

what political system does france adopt post franco-prussian war? (in third rep)

* multiparty system
* no one party can win
* Result: must form coalitions btwn parties

crises faced by the third republic

* boulangere crisis (boulangere tries to stage a coup)
* panama sandal (corruption and bribery at the canal construction attempt in panama)
* DREYFUS AFFAIR (first jewish man appointed to aid French Gen Staff
* convicted of treason and monarchists, church, and anti-semetics use against france

Reform bill of 1867

* re-appointment and broadening of suffrage (all mid. class + the upper working class)
* great britain

Reform bill of 1884

* univ adult male suffrage in GB

gladstone’s liberal reforms as lib. party leader in GB

* The Ballot Act of 1872 (secret ballot)
* The Civil Services Reform Act (competitive exams for gov’t jobs)
* The Education Act (public schools)
* The Land Act (tried to help ireland but failed)
* The University Act (no more religious tests for education)

the parliament act of 1911

* strips house of lords of their power in GB b/c they tried to reassert themselves and block reforms

The People’s Budget

* David Lloyd George’s proposal for lots of social welfare laws
* raised taxes on the rich to pay
* makes a deal w/Irish nationalists in the House of Commons if they support the ppl’s budge

the dual monarchy

* term for the new Austria-Hungary after Prussia defeats austria in war and Hungarians rise up
* Hungary gets indep. (virtually) and the Magyars can deal w/other ethnic groups

the language ordinances

* est. legal equality btwn german language and local languages
* Result: ethnic germans backlash + anti-semitism

the 2nd internationale

* loose association of socialist parties
* psychologically unifying
* met every 3 yrs to discuss Marx’s doctrine

gradualism

* what more parties in euro were shifting towards
* combine militant rhetoric w/moderate action
* b/c of growth of unions and revisionist marxism

why was there a decline of radical socialism?

* workers were less inclined to follow radical programs
* wanted tangible benefits
* there was not a united pol./soc. group
* living conditions had improved
* purchasing power was UP
* growth of labor unions

new model unions

* avoided radicalism and strikes
* only involved skilled workers
* focused on increasing wages, decreasing hours, and increasing working conditions
* more practical approach

revisionist marxism

* response to the moderate-trend
* socialists adopted tactics and combined w/other groups to make gradual evolutionary gains through legislation and collective bargaining

new imperialism

* change in the imperialistic behavior in euro. countries from 1880-1914
* characterized by the founding of vast political empires and est. colonies
* colonies = new emphasis

causes of new imperialism

* economic
* need new markets and raw materials
* needed place to invest
* short run: colones = NOT profitable
* political/diplomatic
* strategic points
* nationalism - colonies = essential to great nations
* social darwinism - racist competitions
* social tensions/conflicts in Euro
* conservative powers say colonial issues = divert attention from dom. issues

the white man’s burden

* coined by Kipling
* it is the white man’s duty to save the non-white ppl of the world and civilize them

consequences of new imperialism

1. increased tensions btwn european states
2. wars w/non-europeans (esp. in africa and asia)

boer wars

* GB conquered dutch settlers in south africa

the berlin conference

* est. that euro. claims in africa had to rest on effective occupation
* made belgium ruler of neutral congo free-state
* agreed to end slavery
* coincides w/germany’s emergence as an imperial power
* result: german imperial holdings are scattered

J. A. Hobbson

* says imperialism = a result of unregulated capitalism and thus only paid off for by specific groups and not the euro. country as a whole
* said it took attention away from domestic needs

Joseph Conrad and “Heart of Darkness”

* portrayed the selfishness and hypocracy of Euro enslaving and conquering other/african ppls

the eastern question

* “what will happen to the eastern region as the ottoman empire falls?”
* russia and aus-hun want most
* could lead to conflict
* Result: series of balkan crises (starting 1870s)

panslavism

* russia = the protector of all slavic ppls

the treaty of san-stefano

* russia forces ottoman empire to agree and if implemented, the russians would = dom. power in the balkans
* bismarck intervenes w/congress of berlin

Treaty of Berlin

* stops the san-stefano treaty
* romania, montenego, serbia = independent
* bulgaria → autonomy wihtin Ott. empire
* Aus-hun acquires bosnia herzegovina
* russia = greatest loser and blames bismarck

causes of ww1: 2 hostile alliance blocks

* GB, france, russia VS germany, aus hun, and italy
* b/c of the dropping of the pilot and the disrupted BOP

causes of ww1: militarism

* euro. powers see force as a desirable method of problem solving
* arms race w/navies btwn GB and Germany

causes of ww1: imperialism

* conflict over colonies in asia and africa
* moroccan crisis - William II of germany says he will back moroccan independence even though tech. mor. = part of ottoman empire w/french sphere of influence
* agadir crisis - series of outbreaks in morocco that lead france to send troops

causes of ww1: nationalism

* especially in the balkans
* bosnia herz. has a large serbian population that want to join serbia and leave aus-hun

serbian terrorist groups causing ww1

* bosnian serbs that wanted to join serbia engage in terror campaign against aus hun in bosnia
* franz ferdinand is killed by terrorist group w/connections to serbian gov’t
* aus-hun gives serbia ultimatum
* aus hun declares war on serbia

schlieffen plan

* germany’s plan for a 2-front war
* with war on east starting, germany goes and attacks neutral belgium

allied powers

* russia, france, gb

central powers

* aus-hun, germany, and ottoman empire (initially)

1st battle of the Marne

* the french fight back against the germans and war on the western front bogs down in to trench warfare and stalemate

how did the eastern front differ from the western front in ww1?

* while western front = stalemate, the eastern front never bogs down and has many new entries

planned economies

* economy in shambles b/c of war
* countries adopt total war policy (have to enter emergency economic mode)
* skilled workers are exempt from the draft
* unions get increased prestige and co-op with the gov’t for both sides
* unemployment goes down and wages go up

women during ww1

* women entered the workforce or shifted to war related jobs
* changed perspectives on women’s capabilities
* women get equal pay DURING THE WAR

the march revolution

* violent street demonstrations broke out in Petrograd
* Czar is down w/army, but army turns to the ppl
* duma returns to declare a provisional gov’t

why did the duma fail to get a hold of russia following czarist failures?

* critical mistake: failed to take russia out of the war

petrigrad soviet

* council of workers and soldiers’ deputies modeled on the societ councils from 1905
* made up of workers, educated, socialists, and soldiers
* saw itself as a product of revolutionary democracy

Army Order #1

* petrigrad soviet stripped officers of their authority in the army and placed power in the hands of elected committees of ordinary soldiers
* result: complete collapse of dsicipline in the army

marxist ideology on the rise in Russia (late 19th cen)

* 1890s - marxism becomes relevant in russia
* younger revolutionaries begin to shift to marxism (such as lenin, trotsky, and stalin)
* form the social democrats group
* believe that revolution will be international in origin and begin in Western Eur. b/c the russians must fully adopt capitalism first

bolsheviks

* dominated by lenin
* strong authority at the top with sole authority
* any co-operation w/other liberal/radical groups is only temporary
* revolution will not start as an uprising of the MASSES, but will instead be brought on by a small group of PROFESSIONAL revolutionaries

mensheviks

* dominated by spontaneous mass uprising of the workers

lenin’s three central concepts

1. only a violent revolution will overthrow capitalism
2. a communist revolution was possible in highly agricultural countries
3. possibility of a revolution determined by human leadership


1. called for a highly disciplined workers’ party controlled by a small elite group of intellectuals

bolshevik seizure of power

* initiated by lenin’s right hand man → trotsky
* propogandized and said there were counter-rev. plots so the petregard soviet insititute him as the leader of a special military rev. committee
* result: soviet military power = in bolshevik’s hands

3 reasons the bolsheviks were able to come to power

1. democracy had dissolved into anarchy by 1917
2. lenin and trotsky = completely ruthless; determined; effective leadership
3. bolshevik policies appeal to regular russians (peace, land, and bread)

treaty of brestlituvsk (?? spelling)

* russia gives up 1/3 of population to germany by losing ukraine, latvia, lithuania, estonia, E. poland, and finland
* result: russia = out of war and Lenin can pursue absolute bolshevik power

russian civil war

* two sides = the whites (non bolsheviks) and the reds (bolsheviks)
* the whites’ problem: no unity b/c the whites = united by hatred for the reds and nothing else
* comes to end in early 1920s - 1-party dictatorship being established

lenin’s war communism

* bolshevik control of the economy to mobilize the econ. for civil war

red terror

* lenin est. a secret police organization to execute anyone not in support of the bolsheviks

weimer republic

* moderate socialists in the German parliament declare a republic after the Kaiser abdicated in 1918

how did the reasons for fighting ww1 shift throughout the war?

* initially a war abt national interests, but had shifted to be abt idealistic principles

wilson’s peace aims at versailles

* tried to shift discussion of war aims to the higher level w/wilson’s 14 points
* believed his deals justified the war
* proposals = open diplomacy, arms reduction, and the self determination of people
* general association of nations that would guarantee pol. indep. to all states (The league of nations)

david lloyd george’s aims at versailles

* had promised GB that he would get back at germany if he won but wasn’t passionate about it
* wants germany to pay, but not nearly as much as france
* wants a moderate peace and to avoid another war
* british PUBLIC want a harsh peace

Clemenceau’s aims at versailles

* wants security for france against germany
* wants a rhineland buffer state
* wants reparations from germany
* HUGE requests in reparations

the treaty of versailles

* NOTE: Not a negotiated treaty w/germany; imposed onto them
* main provisions of the treaty
* germany’s military is reduced
* germany is blamed for the war w/ the War Guilt Clause
* reparations set at $33 bill. USD
* rhineland is demilitarized but stays ger. territory
* aus-hun dismantled
* new nations are created (eastern)
* leadue of nations’ mandates established

2 major issues w/peace settlement after ww1

1. weimar republic doesn’t have the widespread support of the german public
2. USA - senate doesn’t approve of wilson’s compromises


1. Wilson emphasizes the league of nations but doesn’t join b/c senate doesn’t approve