Module 1: Intro to Patho

Prevalence

Number of new and old cases within a specific population at a specific point in time and population (always larger than incidence)

Incidence

indicates the number of new cases in a given population within a stated time period

Atrophy:

• Common Causes?

• Example?

Defintion: a decrease in the size of cells, resulting in reduced tissue mass

Causes: reduced use of tissue mass, not enough nutrition, or hormonal stimulation

Example: A limb that is immobilized in a cast for several weeks

What are pressure sores?

How are they caused?

• Localized damage to skin and underlying tissue

• Caused by prolonged pressure (bed sores)

Relate Pressure sores and atrophy

Prolonged pressure -> ischemia -> prolonged ischemia -> tissue dies = atrophy

Hypertrophy:

• Could be caused by?

• Example?

Defintion: a increase in size of cells, resulting in enlarged tissue mass

• additional work by the tissue

• enlarged heart muscle resulting from increased demands

Hyperplasia:

• Example?

Defintion: increased NUMBER of cells, resulting in enlarged tissue mass

• uterine enlargement

Metaplasia:

• Example?

Definition: one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type

• The epithelium in the respiratory tracts of cigarette smokers

Dysplasia:

• What is unique about this Cellular Adaption

Definition: The cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequently present

• The rate of mitosis is increased and may be a precancerous stage

Anaplasia:

cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures. Basis for grading the aggressiveness of a tumor

Neoplasia:

• Malignant neoplasms:

• Benign tumors:

Definition: “NEW GROWTH”, commonly called a tumor

• referred to as cancer

• don’t spread and are not life threatening

Causes of cellular injury?

• Ischemia→ decreased supply of oxygenated blood

• Physical agents → excessive heat or cold

• mechanical damage

• Chemical toxins

• Nutritional deficits

• Imbalance of fluids

Necrosis

Apoptosis:

Pyroptosis:

• Not programmed; the death of one or more cells (irreversible)

• Controlled cell death; the Cell shrinks and the Cell package itself with normal signals

• Intracellular infection; the dissolution of the cell where it explodes and releases destructive enzymes into the tissue

Which example of cell death?

Red blood cells only live for about 120 days. After that, they are broken down in the liver and spleen

Apoptosis

What example of Cellular death?

You wake up with a swollen pimple- the area is red and swollen

Pyroptosis

What example of cellular death?

A patient is bedbound and hasn't been turned regularly. Over time, pressure on the sacrum cuts off blood flow to the skin.

Necrosis

Relate Homeostasis and Disease

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment regardless of the outside. Disease develops when changes occur leading to a state where homeostasis cannot be maintained without intervention

Primary Prevention:

• Examples

Secondary Prevention:

• Examples:

Tertiary Prevention:

• Examples

Primary Prevention: protect healthy people from getting the disease

• Examples→ education of the dangers of tobacco or regular screenings

Secondary Prevention: after an illness has already been diagnosed; slow the progress of the disease in the early stages

• Examples: Telling people to take low-dose aspirin to prevent a first/second heart attack

Tertiary Prevention: helping manage long-term health problems; preventing further physical deterioration

• Examples: patient support groups or stroke rehabilitation programs

Identify the three-step research process in health sciences

1. “basic science'“; identifying the technology that will limit the disease process (use of animals)

2. human subjects to determine if it is safe for them

3. Large number that have or at risk for the disease are placed in clinical trails using the double-blind studies.

Diagnosis:

Etiology:

identification of a disease through evaluation of signs, symptoms, tests or others

The causative factors in a particular disease

Idiopathic:

Iatrogenic:

• example?

cause of disease unknown

a treatment or procedure causes a disease

• bladder infection following catheterization

Predisposing Factor:

• Example→

Prophylaxis:

• Example→

indicates a high risk for disease but not certain

• insufficient calcium intake predisposes to osteoporosis

a measure to preserve health and prevent the spread of disease

• baby aspirin as the treatment for myocardial infarction

Pathogenesis:

Subclinical state:

Latent stage:

Incubation period:

• development of the disease

• disease is active and changes are happening in the body but hidden (no symptoms)

• disease is present, but inactive (no detectable clincal signs

• the time between exposure and the onset signs

Prodromal period:

Signs:

Symptoms:

Lesion:

• time in early stages of disease where one sees a change in body but signs are nonspecfic (e.g., headache)

• objective indicators of disease

• subjective feelings

• specific local change in tissue

Remission:

• example→

Exacerbation:

• example →

period where manifestations of the disease subside

• RA has periods of remission where pain/swelling is minimal

worsening in the severity of the disease

• Asthma; excessive pollen could lead to breathing problems

Precipitating factor:

• example→

Sequelae

• example→

condition that triggers an acute episode

• angina attack can be precipitated by shoveling snow on a cold day

potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition

• paralysis after recovery from stroke

Prognosis:

Epidemics:

Pandemics:

Communicable diseases:

• likelihood for recovery

• higher number of an infectious disease within a given area

• higher number of cases in many regions of the globe

• can be spread from one another

Liquefaction necrosis:

Coagulative necrosis:

Fat necrosis:

Caseous necrosis:

• Dead cells liquefy under the influence of certain cell enzymes; occurs whenn brain tissue dies

• cell proteins are altered and the cells retain some type of form after death (seen in heart attacks)

• fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids in the presence of infection or certain enzymes

• form of coagulation necrosis; a thick, cheesy substance forms (TB)

Infarction:

a area of dead cells due to lack of oxygen

Gangrene:

Gangerous tissue*

An area of necrotic tissue (associated with the lack of blood supply) that is followed by the invasion of bacteria

*Must be removed surgically to prevent spread to other parts of body

Pathophysiology

The study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that 

result from disease processes