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Free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
Unconscious
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
Id
contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
Ego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
Superego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
Psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
Oedipus complex
according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Identification
the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
Fixation
according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
Defense mechanism
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Regression
psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
Reaction formation
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.
Projection
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Rationalization
defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions
Displacment
psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
Collective unconscious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
Projective test
a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Rorschach inkblot test
the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Terror-managment theory
proposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death
Self-actualization
according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential
Unconditional positive regard
according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
Self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
Trait
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
Personality inventory
a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.
Empirically derived test
a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
Social-cognitive perspective
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.
Reciprocal determinism
the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors
Personal control
our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
External locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate
Internal locus of control
the perception that one controls one's own fate
Learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Spotlight affect
overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders
Self-esteem
one's feelings of high or low self-worth
Self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
Personality
an individual’s characteristics, pattern of thinking, and acting
Sublimation
the process of channeling socially unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable actions or behaviors.
Transference
the phenomenon where patients project feelings and attitudes from past relationships onto their therapist. (Can also be projected onto other people)
Identification
a psychological defense mechanism where a person adopts the characteristics or behaviors of another individual to reduce anxiety or improve self-esteem.
Oral stage
the first stage of Freud's psychosexual development, occurring from birth to about 18 months, where pleasure centers on the mouth through activities such as sucking and biting.
Anal stage
the second stage of Freud's psychosexual development, occurring from about 18 months to three years, where pleasure focuses on controlling bladder and bowel movements.
Phallic stage
the third stage of Freud's psychosexual development, occurring from about three to six years, where pleasure centers on the genitals and the child experiences the Oedipus or Electra complex.
Latency stage
the fourth stage of Freud's psychosexual development, occurring from about six years to puberty, where sexual feelings are suppressed and children focus on social and intellectual skills.
Genital stage
the final stage of Freud's psychosexual development, occurring from puberty onward, where individuals seek mature sexual intimacy and establish relationships.
Individualism
A social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control, emphasizing personal independence and self-reliance.
Collectivism
A social theory emphasizing the importance of the collective group over individual interests, advocating for shared goals and communal ownership.
Neo-freudian
A group of psychoanalysts who expanded on Freud's theories, incorporating social and cultural factors into their understanding of personality development.
Self-efficacy
The belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task, influencing motivation and behavior.
Self-esteem
A person's overall sense of self-worth or personal value, impacting their confidence and emotional well-being.
Temperament
The innate traits that influence how individuals respond emotionally and behaviorally to their environment, often seen as the foundation of personality.
Pleasure principle
The driving force behind the id's instinctual desires, seeking immediate gratification and pleasure while avoiding pain.
Reality principle
The psychological concept that governs the ego's functioning, balancing the demands of the id with the constraints of the external world, allowing for realistic and socially appropriate behavior.
