OCR GCSE History - Migration

When did the Norman invasion and conquest of England begin?

1066

Who controlled England before the Conquest?

Anglo-Saxon/Anglo-Danish lords

What did the Normans take from the Anglo-Danish lords?

Land and Power

Give an example of resistance or rebellion against the Normans.

The rebellion by Hereward and The Silvatici. Also rebellions in Yorkshire

How did the Normans deal with these rebellions?

In 1069-70, William the Conqueror's army marched through Northern England killing people and burning villages. Known as the 'Harrying of the North', these actions resulted in famine. Fines were placed on villages if they were found to have killed a Norman.

Why did Jews come to England in the 1070s?

They were invited by William I to organise his finances and lend him money which was needed for building castles and cathedrals.

Why did Jews lend money?

Many Jews were literate and were able to lend money, unlike christians. Jews began to be viewed as useful to the Normans.

At first Jews were protected by Norman Kings. What ongoing event changed attitudes towards Jews?

The Crusades, which were wars between Christians and Muslims over control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land.

Identify another reason for resentment towards Jews.

English people resented the protected status of Jews. Many were jealous of Jewish wealth. People did not like owing debts to Jews.

What was the 'Blood libel'?

A false rumour which claimed that Jews celebrated the death of Jesus by killing Christian children such as in 1144 the death of William of Norwich

Racist attacks took place against Jews between 1189 and 1190.

1189 - At King Richards corination jews were persecuted and fled to the castle but were hunted down.

York - forced to convert or killed, mass suicides

Persecution of Jews increased in the thirteenth century. Can you give any examples?

Jews made to wear a yellow cloth

1230 Jews expelled from towns,

1263 - 400 Jews murdered on Palm Sunday

1264 - 1000 Jews beaten to death in London, 1275 - Jews banned from collecting interest.

In what year were all Jews expelled from England?

1290

How could someone born in a foreign country (an alien) become 'pure English'?

Get a 'letter of denization' from the King/Queen. This allowed a foreigner the rights of an English citizen.

Where did Flemish migrants come from?

The Low Countries

Give examples of the types of trades Flemish migrants were involved in.

Tailors, shoemakers, saddlers, dyers, brewers,

What important craft were the Flemish involved in at Castle Combe?

Weaving

During which event in 1381 were foreign migrants targeted and murdered?

The Great Rebellion

Who were the Hanseatic League merchants?

A group of merchants from Northern Europe.

Where were the Hanseatic League merchants based and what did they trade?

In London at the 'Steelyard'. They traded timber, furs, flax, as well as exported wool and cloth.

Why did craft guilds dislike the way that control of wool and cloth trades was given to foreign merchants?

They felt that foreigners were being given special treatment.

Foreigners were blamed for taking away jobs and pushing up prices.

Why did rich banking families from Genoa, Florence and Venice come to England in the 1220s? (2 reasons)

1.) The Pope had allowed Italian banks to charge interest on loans. This was at a time when Henry III was turning against Jewish moneylenders. The King wanted to borrow money.

2.) The bankers saw a chance to make profit from the trade in English wool

Which English words about money come to us from Italian and the Lombardian bankers?

'Bank', 'credit', 'debit'.

What was the Aliens' Register?

A record of foreign born people living in England, drawn up so that they could be taxed.

In which areas had Muslim scholars made great advances?

Science, medicine, mathematics, philosophy and astronomy.

How had the West learned about new ideas from the Islamic world?

Through the Crusades and through translations of Arabic texts.

Give some everyday examples of ways in which people in late medieval England would have known about African, Asian and Islamic worlds?

Pointed arches in churches , improvements in castle design , muslin cloth, cheaper spices, new music and food

How did immigration over the late medieval period help to boost England's economy?

Immigration provided the traders, ideas and investors necessary to help create a manufacturing economy. By the 1500s England was an important trading nation within Europe.

From which country did Walloons come in the 1560s?

Belgium

Who persecuted the Walloons?

The Spanish rulers of Belgium

On which day were over 10,000 Protestants murdered in France in the 1570s?

St Bartholomew's Day

Which group of French Protestants migrated to safety in England in the 1680s?

Huguenots

Name the major religious event or set of changes which happened within and the 1500-1730 period.

The Reformation

Refugees of which religion were accepted in England in the 16th and 17th centuries?

Protestant

Why were Huguenot's welcomed?

stories of the what the French Catholics did to the Protestant Huguenots were circulated by the printed press, and France was also an enemy power.

Which trades did Huguenots excel in? Name Two.

Weaving wool and silk, feather-work, making fans, needles, soap They carved wood and helped start the cutlery industry.

How else did Huguenots play a significant contribution to the national life?

By providing skills and investment necessary to set up the Bank of England. many Huguenots joined the British army

Was the story of the Huguenot migration always one of heroism and success?

Not all Huguenots had a dangerous journey of migration. Many Huguenots migrated and remained poor. Some Huguenots experienced anti-foreigner riots.

What did the 1709 Foreign Protestants Naturalisation Act do?

It allowed all European Protestants to come and live in England for the cost of one shilling. The purpose was to attract entrepreneurs and skilled craftspeople.

Where did the Rhineland Palatines come from?

Germany

How had the Rhineland Palatines been struggling in Europe?

They were poor farmers suffering from poor harvests, decades of war and brutal landlords who forced them to become Catholics.

What was the initial reaction to the Palatines like?

Money was raised to help them and they were received kindly.

Why were Palatines later said to be a threat?

They were thought to be a drain on resources as so many were unemployed. Many were sick and London's charities were overwhelmed.

What finally happened to the Palatines?

5,000 Palatines were deported to Ireland but were given poor-quality land. Many drifted back to the Rhineland and some set off for New York where they killed by mobs!

Romani Gypsies were nomadic. What does this mean?

Their lifestyle involved them travelling from place to place in carts and living in tents. They had no permanent home.

Why did Gypsies experience prejudice?

Their lifestyle was mistrusted and they had no state protection.

When were Jews allowed to return to England?

1656 (under Oliver Cromwell)

Why might Cromwell have agreed to the return of the Jews?

Cromwell had said the 'Second Coming' of Jesus would only happen if there were Jews in England. Perhaps Cromwell also thought that Jewish merchants would help the economy.

Which religious groups migrated from England in the 17th century?

Catholics after the Gunpowder Plot. Also non-conformists (Protestant Christians who didn't belong to the Church of England) eg Quakers

Poor young labourers and apprentices rioted against foreigners on 'Evil May Day' 1517. Which foreigners did they riot against?

Hanseatic merchants, Lombardian bankers, foreign members of the Royal court and French merchants.

Why were there many North African Muslims (Moors) in Spain?

The Moors had controlled part of Spain in the 15th Century

How did some 'Moors' arrive in England?

Some may have come as refugees following war with Spain. Others arrived with Catherine of Aragon when she married Henry VIII. Through the Tudor period there was plenty of contact between England and the Islamic world eg merchants and ambassadors.

Who was John Blanke?

A trumpeter at the royal courts of Henry VII and Henry VIII. He is depicted in a picture.

What is the historian Onyeka's judgement about how well Africans were accepted in England?

Onyeka suggests Africans were accepted and valued

Were Africans in Tudor England a.) free, integrated members of the working poor or b.) an enslaved and sometimes criminal underclass

a.) Free, integrated and working. Often poor but in a range of jobs.

When Hawkins and Drake enslaved 1000 African villagers in the 1560s and shipped them across the Atlantic for sale, what had begun?

The Triangular Trade

Identify what was moved and then sold at each stage of the Triangular Trade.

Stage 1 - Goods taken from England and sold in West Africa.

Stage 2 - Slaves were bought in West Africa and shipped across the Atlantic to the West Indies.

Stage 3. Slaves were sold in the West Indies and slave-grown produce was then bought eg sugar to ship back to England.

What is chattel enslavement?

This is where an enslaved person is bought and then becomes the property of the owner. They are said to be property and not human.

Which company did Charles II grant a charter to in 1660?

Company of Royal Adventurers (later Royal African Company).

What did the Royal African company trade?

Gold, silver and chattel slaves

How were child Black servants viewed?

As a fashionable accessory. It was a mark of status to have Black child servant. They were treated as toys.

Were Black child servants enslaved?

They were viewed as property. If Black servants were abused, it's not possible to say whether this was because they were black, servants or children. Children were viewed as chattel at this time.

Which company did Queen Elizabeth I give a charter to in 1600?

The East India Company

What goods did the East India Company trade?

Textiles and spices

As the East India Company grew in India, many British men worked as adminstrators and soldiers. Who did they bring back to England with them?

Indian wives, children from their marriages and Indian servants.

Who were ayahs?

Young women who worked as nannies for those who had young children in India.

How were ayahs and child servants treated?

Some were well looked after and accepted.

Some were treated as status symbols and viewed as property.

Some had poor experiences.

It's a mixed picture as it was for all kinds of servants.

What did the 1707 Act of Union do?

It brought England, Scotland and Wales together under one government.

What materials were grown on slave plantations in the Americas?

Pick from cotton, tobacco and sugar

What did the Somerset case ruling actually say?

That slavery did not exist in England

When was the Act to abolish the slave trade passed?

1807

Emancipation (freedom) from slavery in parts of the British Empire was achieved in which year?

1833

Who was Dido (Belle) Lindsay?

The Black niece of Lord Mansfield. Mansfield was the judge who made the Somerset case ruling. He confirmed Dido's freedom in his will.

What term describes the huge industrial changes taking place in Britain across this period?

The Industrial Revolution

Who was Sambo?

A chattel slave (property) who died in Lancashire. He was one of millions forcibly transported across the Atlantic from Africa, some of whom ended up in Britain.

Why were Africans in Britain in this period?

(several reasons)

a.) Brought from Americas to work as servants

b.) Some were born here

c.) After the US War of Independence, enslaved Africans who fought for Britain came as they could not stay in the USA.

Ignatius Sancho was born on a slave ship, then adopted by a Duke. What successes did he have?

Composer of classical music, shopkeeper and successful writer

What was the name given to people who campaigned against enslavement/the slave trade?

Abolitionists

Name any of the Black writers who wrote accounts of their enslavement.

Mary Prince, Olaudah Equiano, Ottobah Cugoano

Which radical black activist took part in the Cato Street Conspiracy, plotting to assassinate the PM?

William Davidson

After the 1833 Slavery Compensation Act, who received compensation?

Plantation owners (over a billion in today's money)

Identify an eminent Black Victorian.

a.) Lady Sarah Forbes Bonetta - West African princess presented to Queen Victoria. Victoria became her godmother.

b.) Samuel Coleridge-Taylor - composer of classical music. Wrote over 870 works, the most famous of which was Hiawatha's Wedding Feast. He was active in the British Pan-African movement.

William Cuffay (son of a freed slave from St Kitts) became active in the Chartist movement. What did the Chartists want?

Major reform of the political system eg votes for all men

In which British cities would lascars have been found?

Pick from Liverpool, Cardiff, Hull, South Shields and East London.

From which parts of Asia did Lascars come?

India, China, Malaya (Malaysia), Yemen and East Africa

Why was the opening of the Suez canal in 1869 significant?

It gave merchant ships a fast route out to India which increased trade. This meant that more merchant ships were needed and more Lascars were hired.

'Coloured seamen' (lascars) were hired as 'indentured labourers'. What does this mean?

Hired for a specific length of time. A type of fixed-term slavery.

What were the local agents who hired the Lascars called?

Ghat Serang

In what ways were Lascars treated differently to white sailors?

Given lower wages, less food and living space on board ship. They were often given cruel treatment. Some were killed.

Where did Chinese seamen settle in England?

Liverpool and in Limehouse and Poplar (London)

Why did White seamen view Lascars as a threat?

They felt Lascars were taking 'White' jobs because they were paid less. They also thought that low Lascar pay drove down wages for everyone.

How were Chinese settlers stereotyped?

Sinister, criminal, exotic and the 'Yellow Peril'.

Life in Britain was often a struggle for Lascars. Give some examples.

They were often poor, isolated, unable to speak English, reduced to begging or theft. They lived in barrack style lodgings.

Give some examples of how Lascars settled and put down roots.

By marrying white women, setting up boarding houses for seamen, working in entertainment or begging

Could you identify any eminent Indians eg upper-class Indians in Britain in the 19th C?

Dr Frederick Akbar Mohamed - renowned doctor,

Abdul Karim - Queen Victoria's servant/advisor, Cornelia Sorabji - 1st woman to study law at University,

Prince Ranjii - Hindu prince and cricketer

Why did hundreds of thousands of people migrate to British cities in the 19th C?

Looking for work in the industrial cities.

How did transport development encourage migration in the 19th C?

Steamships brought migrants to Britain/took emigrants to America. Canal and railway network was built with migrant labour. Wealth and industry attracted skilled individuals and entrepreneurs from across Europe.

In which cities were the greatest number of migrant Irish found?

London, Liverpool, Manchester and Glasgow

What was the main 'push' factor for Irish migrants in the mid 19thC?

The famine or 'Great Hunger' of 1845 - Potato blight destroyed the staple crop of the poor. One million died of hunger and 2 million left for the USA, Canada and Britain.

Can you identify any additional 'push' factors for the Irish?

High rents and poor quality housing on poor land.industry therefore declining prosperity compared to Britain. Increasing population pushing up food prices.