Unit 7 19th Century Perspectives and Political Developments

Napoleon III

Becomes New Emperor of France

Controlled armed forces + police + civil services and could introduce any type of law + legislative service

Modernized France (which was behind the rest of EU)

Not a conservative monarchy, more liberal

Remodeling of Medieval France

Remodeled to reflect Modern Age spacial buildings + public squares + sewage system + public water supply + gas streetlights

Hospitals with free medicine for workers (combat diseases in industrial workplaces)

Liberalization

Legalized trade unions (strike)

Allowed greater campaigning (not necessarily true cause most people did not come into power did allow elections)

Flexibility in the Legislative Corps

Decline of Napoleon III

May of 1870

France accepts new constitution because Napoleon III defeated by Germans in Franco Prussian War → decline of Napoleon III

Napoleon III goes into exile

Mexican Intervention

Downfall: Trying to Takeover & Expand Into Mexico

Wanted to control ports and American Markets to sell French goods

Had support of Spaniards & British who ultimately withdraw troops

Mexico had gained independence w own constitution

Placed Archduke Maximillian of Austria as Ruler of Mexico in 1864

• Met with troops

• French had to withdraw

• Archduke Maximillian was stuck without any defense

Had to surrender to Mexican Liberals in May of 1867 (Cinco de Mayo)

Crimean War

Led by most of Concert of Europe (will break up Concert of Europe)

Russia was interested in seizing Crimea Territory

• Took over in 1873

• Wanted warm water ports (other ports are cold water ports that freeze) access into Black Sea

• Trade interests

• Protectorate over Christian Shrines in Palestine

  • Had to evacuate

    • French Empire goes in and takes it

Ottoman vs Russia Over Protectorates of Christian Shrines in Palestine

• Ottoman does not want to acknowledge that Russia is original protectorate

• Russia decides to claim whole territory

• Ottoman declares war on Russia (October 4 1853)

  • To preserve balance of power, Great Britain & France declare war on Russia

• Austria decides to remain neutral (not helping Russia who aided them in Hungarian Revolutions before) → tensions

Rise of Nursing

What tsar comes to power ending the Crimean War?

Lose Tsar Nichlas I → changes course of war as Nicholas I wanted to continue to fight → Alexander II comes to power → initially tries to fight but eventually stops

Treaty of Paris

1856

Ends the Crimean War

• Russia has to give up Basarabia (one of closest territory to Crimea Region)

• Moldavia and Wallachia under control of all five powers

• Russia does not trust rest of Great Powers (Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, Austria, France)

• Russia withdraws troops and any interactions with European Affairs

  • Look to ASIA (Manchuria or Korean Territory)

• Great Britain also pulls back from European Affairs

  • Had previously been engaged in wars

  • Without Concert, free for all for Italy and Germany to get started with unifications

    • Italians able to get unifications cause support French in War

Nationalists Revolt and Serbia Recognized in

1827

Florence Nightingale

Pushes nursing especially in battlefield but also hospitals

Strict sanitary conditions → saves many lives

Pushes for nursing to become a profession | primarily middle class women

Unification of Italy (Northern)

Constitutional Monarchy

Due to nationalist movements (after failure of revolution of 1848–1849 a growing number of advocates for Italian unification focus on the northern Italian state of Piedmont as best hope to achieve goal)
Sardinia Piedmont

• King Charles Albert

• Victor Emmanuel II

  • Count Camillo di Cavour Prime Minister

Italy took sides with France in Crimean War

• Sent over 10,000 troops hoping to get French support for unification later

Cavour Provokes Austrians into Invading Piedmont in April 1859

• France makes peace with Austria July 11 1859 without informing Italy (war is costly so France did not want to fight)

  • Napoleon III withdrew cause despite two losses Austrian army not defeated + Prussians mobilizing support Austria

Unification of Italy (Southern)

Republic

Giuseppe Garibaldi

• Army of Red Shirts thousands of them + young

New Kingdom of Italy

Formed under centralized government control of Piedmont and King Victor Emmanuel II of the House of Savoy on March 17 1861

Prussian Victory in Austro-Prussian War

Left Italians with Venetia

Franco-Prussian War

Resulted in withdrawal of French troops from Rome → Rome new Capital of Italy on September 20 1870

Real Italian Unification

Not until Prussia beat France

• Needed Prussia to get Venetia and Rome

Picture of Garabaldi and Victor Emmanuel III

Garibaldi wearing red shirt holds boot meaning lower portion of Italy

Victor Emmanuel II receives the boot aka lower Italy

Unification of Germany

King Frederick William IV died in 1861 → King William I without Frederick

March 1562 King William I appoints Otto von Bismark

• Rename from Prussia to Germany

  • William I becomes Kaiser of Second German Empire

  • Crowned him in Hall of Mirrors in Versailles royal monarchical Palace of France → humiliated France

Count Camillo di Cavour

Favors constitutional government and unified Italy (rid of foreign control in Italian Peninsula)

Pursued policy of economic expansion

• Encouraged building of roads + canals + railroads

• Fostered business enterprise by expanding credit and simulating investment in new industries

Agreement with Napoleon III

• France ally with Piedmont in driving the Austrians out of Italy

• France would receive the Piedmontese Provinces of Nice and Savoy

• Create Kingdom of Central Italy papal region for Prince Napoleon (Napoleon III Cousin) who would be married to younger daughter of King Victor Emmanuel

• Favorable with French

Garabaldi and Cavour

Meet in battle at Naples

Garibaldi yields to Cavour who feared march on Rome would bring war with France as defender of papal interests → Garabaldi says “take Southern Italy you can have it”

Garabaldi retired to his farm

Otto von Bismark

Landowning aristocracy Junker of Prussia

Practitioner of Realpolitik

• Waged war only when all other diplomatic alternatives exhausted

• Reasonably sure advantages on his side

• Portrayed as ultimate realist

• Open about dislike of anyone who opposed him

Collected taxes + reorganized army despite rejection of army appropriations bill

Governed Prussia by largely ignoring Parliament from 1862–1866

Alliance with Prussia + Russia + France

• Did not want to fight Russia and France at once

• Otto von Bismark not Prime Minister anymore

• William II who comes into power lets the treaty lapse

Realpolitik

Willing to put aside moral & religious & personal

Focus on practical and real rather than hypotheticals

Believed if said going to do something, had to go do it

Danish War

Over Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein

Nationalists mad about being categorized/included as Danish incorporated duchies which had large German population into Denmark

Bismark persuaded Austrians to join Prussia in declaring war on Denmark February 1 1864

Danes surrender Schleswig and Holstein

• Prussia and Austria agree to divide administration of duchies

  • Prussia took Schleswig

  • Austria took Holstein

    • Austrian influence in German States

    • Want to kick Austria out → Austro–Prussian War

Austro-Prussian War

Bismark goad Austrians to war on June 14 1866

• Prussians had superior gun and railroads to transport troops quickly

Austria lost Venetia to Italy and excluded from German Affairs

• Will lose Holstein and Schleswig (did not lose any own territory)

Creation of Northern German Confederation

Each German State kept its own local government

• King of Prussia Head of Confederation

• Chancellor Bismark responsible directly to King

• Parliament

  • Bundesrat federal council consisting of delegates nominated by states

  • Reichstag elected by universal male suffrage

Franco-Prussian War

France looking for opportunities to humiliate Prussia so objected Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern Sigmaringen taking throne of Queen Isabella II of Spain

• King William I force his relative to withdraw candidacy

• Pushed William I to make formal apology to France and promise to never allow Prince Leopold to be candidate again

French declare war on Prussia on July 15 1870

• Capture entire French Army in September 1870 → Napoleon III went into exile → Collapse of Second French Empire

• Paris capitulated on January 28 1871

• Official peace treaty signed in May

• France had to

  • Pay indemnity of 5 billion francs

  • Support German occupying forces until indemnity paid

  • Give up Alsace and Lorrain to new German state

Austrian Empire Act of Emancipation September 7 1848

Habsburgs crushed revolution of 1848–1849 → restored centralized autocratic government to the Empire

Act of Emancipation September 7 1848

• Freed the serfs

• Eliminated all compulsory labor services

Emperor Francis Joseph

Attempted to reestablish imperial parliament Reichsrat with nominated upper house and elected lower house → ensured election of German speaking majority → alienated Hungarians

Began focusing on internal issues

Ausgleich Compromise of 1867

• Created Dual Monarchy of Austria–Hungary

• Each part of empire had constitution + own bicameral legislature + governmental machinery for domestic affairs + own capital (Vienna for Austria and Buda soon to be united with Pest for Hungary)

• Single Monarch Francis Joseph

• one leader with two governments

• Common army + foreign policy + system of finances

• Enabled German speaking Austrias & Hungarian Magyars to dominate minorities Slavic peoples (Poles Croats Czechs Serbs Slovaks Slovenes Little Russians)

  • Minorities still not represented

  • Must abide by German Speaking or Hungarian Speaking

Charles Darwin

• Middle class family

• Studied theology also pursued interest in geology and biology

• Expedition to America and other regions On HMS Beagle

  • Surveys land masses of South America

  • Finches beak sizes

  • Animal/Plant Life

• Characteristics developed to specific region

  • Theory of Natural Selection

  • On the Origin of Species by the Theory of Natural Selection

  • Adapted to environment

Realism

Response to Industrial Age to capture the Age & working class

Happens in many different places as response

Not popular until the 1850s

Every Day Life

• Farmers

• Peasants

• Prostitutes

Did not have interest in highlighting elite society

• Goes against ideology of capturing aristocracy

French become prominent

Realism still had classical styles to it & focused on nationalism

Gustave Courbet

Stone Breakers

• Work on factory workers + slums + overcrowded streets + people in poverty

  • Capture what was really happening

• Coins term “realism”

• Have never seen so not have interest in painting it

Francois Millet

The Gleaners

• Paints with some Romantic style

• Focuses on countryside + landscape

  • Rural farmers

Albert Einstein

German

• Primarily worked in Switzerland

Development of atomic bomb

Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies

• Looked at relativity

• E = mc2

Many scientist unable to understand total eclipse of the Sun

May 1919

• Scientists able to demonstrate when light deflected into gravitational field

• Proved what Einstein thought

Age of Physics: 1920

• Right after the eclipse

Lectured at Black Universities

Sigmund Freud

Interpretation of Dreams

• Focused on human mind and how it develops

• Interprets dreams (believes dreams have meaning)

  • Understanding how mind works when unconscious

• Psychoanalysis

Battle Between Id vs Ego vs Super Ego

• Id

  • Lustful drivers + desires + crude appetites + impulses

• Ego

  • Seat of reason

  • Coordinator of inner life

• Super Ego

  • Conscience

  • Inhibitions and moral values that society or parents impose on people

Rise of Psychology

• People did not try to understand human mind before this

• Change in understanding people

• Realized not everyone works the same

Impressionism

Originated in France

Artists rejected studios and museums → went to countryside to paint nature directly painted what observed on spot so paintings quicker

• Streets and cabarets + rivers + busy boulevards (anywhere people congregated)

• Reflected pastimes of new upper middle class bourgeois

Bright colors + dynamic brush strokes + smaller scale

Often criticized as not actual art

First Impressionist Exhibit

• Three women

Camille Pissarro

Claude Monet

Nature

• Interaction of light + water + atmosphere

• Impression, Sunrise

  • Coins term impressionism

Berthe Morisot

One of the women at First Impressionist Auction

• Fetched highest price

Broke with practice of women being only amateur artists

Believed women had special vision, delicater than men

Young Girl by the Window

Post Impressionism

Emerged in 1880s

Retained emphasis on light and color but payed further attention to structure and form

Use color and line to express inner feelings rather than imitation of objects (objective → subjective)

Paul Cezanne

Post Impressionist

Mont Sainte Victoire

• Express underlying geometric structure and form

Pressed brush onto canvas to form cubes of color

• Broke down forms to basic components

Vincent van Gogh

Post Impressionist

Believed color could act as own language

Artist could paint feelings & painting spiritual experience

Starry Night

• Painted in insane asylum

Pablo Picasso

Abstract Painter

From Spain but settled in Paris

Flexible

Cubism

Cubism

Geometric designs combined to form a reality

Les Demoiselles d’Avignon five women in a brothel

Wassily Kandinsky

Abstract Painting

Avoids representation altogether

• Painting itself does not have figures

Believed art should speak directly to the soul by avoiding any physical reality

Square with White Border

Zionism

Jewish nationalist movements

Theodor Herzel

• The Jewish State

Supported development of settlements in Palestine

• From wealthy Jewsih banking families who wanted refuge in Palestine

• Difficult as Palestine was part of Ottoman Empire and Ottoman authorities opposed to Jewish Immigration

British Labor Party

Liberals forced to adopt significant social reforms due to pressure of two new working class organizations

• Trade Unions

• Labor Party (Trade Union + Fabian Socialist)

• Abandoned principles of laissez faire & voted for social reforms

Trade Unions advocated radical change of economic system

• “Collective Ownership”

• Control over production + distribution + exchange

• New Unionism

Revolution of 1905

Russia expansion to South and East led to confrontation with Japan

Port Arthur February 8 1904

• Japan makes surprise attack on Russian fleet

• Russia defeated by new Japanese navy at Tsushima Strait

Admitted defeat and sued for peace in 1905

Dissatisfaction

• Peasants suffered from lack of land

• Workers had bad working conditions

• Food shortages caused by Russo-Japanese War

Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg January 9 1905 “Bloody Sunday”

• Workers went to present petition

• Troops opened fire killing hundreds launching revolution

• Incited workers to call strikes and form unions

• Ethnic groups revolt

• Peasants burn houses of landowners

Imperialism

Competition → EU States try to acquire colonies with ports and coaling stations

• British expanded to keep French + German + Russian from setting up

• Colonies were source of international prestige

Patriotic used to arouse Imperialism

• Schools used maps of colonial territories

• Newspapers and magazines made seem heroic

• Plays written

• Tied to Social Darwinism and Racism

Religious Motives

• Europeans had moral responsibility to civilize ignorant peoples

Economic Motive

• Demand for natural resources and products not found in Western Countries rubber oil tin

• Advocated direct control of area instead of just trade

• Only wanted natural resources saw Africa as wasteland

Berlin Conference

14 European Nations Completely Divided Africa

• Labeled as Scramble for Africa trying to get as much territory for ivory + cacao + potentially cheap/free labor

• British & French get most territory

The Scramble for Africa

• Western presence in Africa limited to trade network and some footholds for trade & missionary activity before 1880 

• Any peoples who dared to resist (with the exception of the Ethiopians, who defeated the Italians) were simply devastated by the superior military force of the Europeans

  • Military superiority

  • Brutal treatment of blacks

  • Machine Guns

  • Diseases

• Land Grab

  • British took control of Cape Town 

    • Encouraged settlers to settle in Cape Colony

  • Boers Afrikaners 

    • Hostility between British and Boers

  • Boers revolt

Russo-Japanese War of 1905

• Went all the way around just to get defeated

• Russians control over Northern Coast of Black Sea and pressed into Central Asia → Russia brought to borders of Persia and Afghanistan

• Russians and British Agree to Make Afghanistan Buffer State 1907

  • Halted

  • Move East into Asia

• Occupation of Manchuria + Attempt to Move into Korea → Russo-Japanese War in 1905

  • Humiliating defeat

  • Russians agreed to Japanese protectorate in Korea