Chapter 16 Power Point 2/2

Theory of Stereotype Threat (Steele and Arson, 1995)

-This theory proposes that individuals act in accordance with cultural stereotypes when they encounter a situation where they may be at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group

-Boys tend to have better endurance and ball skills

-Girls tend to have greater flexibility and fine motor skills

Language Matters… Harmful Phrases

-You throw like a girl

-That’s so gay

-You’re a tomboy

-That’s a girl pushup

Early Motor Skills and Gender-Typed Toys

-Gender typed toys are marketed in ways that appeal to one gender or the other

-Feminine toys tend to encourage nurturing or domestic activities

-Masculine toys tend to encourage movement, aggression or violence

-As of 2024, large retailers in CA are required, by legislation, to have a gender-neutral toy department or face financial penalties

Title IX (1972)

Has had significant impact on female physical activity participation

Amended to the Civil Rights Act of 1964

States that “no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving financial assistance.”

Title IX Three-Prong Test

-A misconception to Title IX is that equitable access to sport means that male and female athletes are provided with the same number of sports, however that is not the case.

-There are three way to satisfy the requirements of Title IX, AND schools only need to meet the requirements of ONE part of the test to comply with the law

Three Prong Test #1 (Proportionality)

Requires that the number of opportunities provided to male and female athletes be proportional to their enrollment in the school. For example, if 55% of the school’s population is female, they should be provided with 55% of the sport opportunities

Three Prong Test #2 History and Continuing Practice

Requires that the school continues to expand sport opportunities for the less represented sex

Three Prong Test #3 Full and Effective Accommodation

Requires that sport opportunities match the interest of the underrepresented sex

Equality Act passed by the House of Representatives in February 2021

Prohibits discrimination based on sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity

Race

Is a classification system based on an individual’s physical characteristics

Ethnicity

Refers to the individual’s social group that shares common cultural elements, such as tradition, language and religion

Racial Stacking

-Overrepresentation of racial or ethnic groups in specific roles or positions within sports contexts

-Historically, stacking results in a higher proportions of white athletes in central positions, while minority athletes occupy more peripheral positions

The UN’s Convention on the Rights of persons with Disabilities (2006) Article 30 of the treaty stipulates

Individuals with disabilities must be afforded opportunities for equal participation in recreation, leisure and sporting activities. Also, ensuring access to venues, activities, services and resources.

-Countries also passed their own laws

Ableism

-Social prejudice and discrimination toward individuals with disabilities

-There are many forms of ableism from overt to unintentional

-Examples would be failure to provide appropriate accommodations, making a joke at the expense of someone with a disability, and using phrases like “the blind leading the blind.”

Universal Design

-Involves creating products and environments that are accessible to everyone regardless of age, gender or ability

-Examples: Ramps on playgrounds instead of stairs, soccer programs using brightly colored uniforms and bell balls to accommodate individuals with low vision

Public Law 94-142, Now IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) (United States)

Education for All Handicapped Children Act (Public Law 94-142) in 1975 to support states and localities in protecting the rights of, meeting the individual needs of, and improving the results for infants, toddlers, children, and youth with disabilities and their families. This landmark law’s name changed to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, or IDEA in a 1990 reauthorization. The law was last reauthorized in 2004, and the department has periodically issued new or revised regulations to address the implementation and interpretation of the IDEA.