Chap 10- The Industrial Revolution and its Impact on European Society (AP EURO)

This goes over key terms and practice test questions for chapter 10

Capital

Material wealth used or available for use in the production of more wealth

Agricultural Revoltion

New agriculture techniques allowed a large increase in productivity (18th century)

Why was Britian dominating rev?

• Effective central bank

• Global markets

• Agricultural rev

• Political system

• Geography

Flying shuttle

Sped up weaving, allowing weavers to double their output

Spinning Jenny

James Hargreaves: (1768)Allowed spinners to produce yarn at greater quantities

Water frame

Richard Arkwright: spinning machine- father of factory, powered by water or horse

Powerloom

Edmund Cartwright(1787): weaving of cloth catched up with spinning of yarn, replaced home based hand-loom weavers

Steam engine

(1850s)Pushed the cotton industry to even greater productivity

James Watt

Scottish engineer (1760s) created an engine powered by steam that could pump water from mines 3 times as fast as others

Coke

Slow burning coal, which could heat iron ore at a faster rate than charcoal

Pig iron

Produced by smelting iron ore with coke, a lower quality than wrought iron - Henry Cort

Wrought iron

Manufactured by puddling, a process developed by Henry Cort, involved using coke to burn away impurities in pig iron

Richard Trevithick

Invented first steam powered locomotive (1804), capable of pulling 10 tons of ore + 70 people at 5 miles per hour on an industrial rail line in southern wales

George Stephenson

Built Newcastle-upon-tyne workshops, were instrumental in producing the first modern railways in Britian

Rocket

George Stephenson: used on the first pubic railway line(1837), revolutionized railway transportation by accelerating locomotives to 50 miles per hour, changing perceptions of time, space, + nature

Great Exhibition of 1851

Displays Britians wealth and success, trees and plants inside showcased human domination over nature, prince Albert: “Sign of human process and divine will

Crystal Palace

Showcased Britians industrial growth and imperial power

Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods to raise revenue, discourage imports, and protect domestic industries

Friedrich List

German writer, advocated for a rapid industrialization program and protective tariffs to protect national markets and industries from British inundation

National System

"National System of Political Economy," List supported building of railroads, tariff, and the formation of the customs unit among the German States

Ruhr Valley

The originally German controlled coal-rich valley, later France-occupied, leading miners to go on strike, resulting in the German government in printing additional money to pay the miners, leading to inflation.

Samuel Slater

British immigrant who established the first textile factory in the United States using water-powered spinning jenny machines. Caused America to begin to surpass Britain's inventions.

The Great hunger

The potato famine that struck in 1845, potatoes had been a staple in Ireland since they had been introduced from the Americas.

Irish Potato famine

A famine in 1845 when the main crop of Ireland, potatoes, was destroyed by disease. As a result, over 1 million Irish died of starvation or disease, while millions of others migrated to the United States.

Poor Law Commission

a body established to administer poor relief after the passing of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834

Edwin Chadwick

Civil servant, obsessed with eleminating poverty, conducted excessive research on poor living conditions: causes- impurities, dampness, filth, overcrowded dwellings

Cholera

It is spread through contaminated water and causes death through dehydration. The disease, like many diseases, disproportionately targets the poor and those without access to clean water. Studies of the disease led to improvements in public health, sanitation, and water treatments

Pauper apprentices

Orphans/children who were abandoned by their parents and taken into care by local parishes, they were given to the factory because the factory was looking for cheap labor, children worked long hours, under strict discipline, no education as promised, inadequate food, many becoming deformed

Factory act of 1833

Prohibited workers under 9 to work in textile mills and restricted the working hours to 12 (13-17) 8 hours (9-12)

Poor law act of 1834

Enforced workhouses for the jobless poor were they were forced to live in prison like conditions, families were seperated and given work assignments, children often recruited from workhouses for factories

Trade unions

Association of workers in the same trade formed to help members secure better wages, benefits, and working conditions

Combination acts

Prohibited trade unions and collective barganging by British workers

Robert Owen

A cotton magnate and social reformer

Luddites

Skilled craftspeople in England attacked machines they believed threatened their livehoods

Chartism

Political movement of working men (19th cen) aimed to achieve political democracy by demanding universal male suffrage, payment for parliment members, and elimination of property qualifications

Explain how the prior development of the putting-out system created the conditions for the early mechanization of the textile industry in Europe?

The putting-out system established a large and steady market demand for clothing.

How did increases in agricultural productivity in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries created the conditions for industrialization in western Europe?

The increases freed up labor that was no longer needed to produce food.

The decision of many Continental European governments to sponsor and subsidize industrial development in the nineteenth century is best explained by which context?

Ongoing competition between nation-states for prestige and territory

Most central to the development of the early Industrial Revolution?

The shift from human and animal power to mechanical power

During the early Industrial Revolution, the leading industry was the manufacture of

textiles

Industrialization

The substitution of mineral and mechanical energy from animal and human energy to machines that replace more workers but produce more products at a cheaper price

Why so many workers?

Changed methods in agriculture freed more people which provided surplus labor for new factories

Britians resources?

They had no barriers to hinder domestic trade and new roads, bridges, canals, and rivers helped

William whewell

Criticized labor and intensive production practices (east) comparing them to enlightened British labor practices

Role of government

Promoted industrialization in continental countries, provided technical education, grants and financing factories, financed projects like roads and canals

3 major centers of industrialization

Belgium, France, Germany