Studied by 9 people
This goes over key terms and practice test questions for chapter 10
Capital
Material wealth used or available for use in the production of more wealth
Agricultural Revoltion
New agriculture techniques allowed a large increase in productivity (18th century)
Why was Britian dominating rev?
Effective central bank
Global markets
Agricultural rev
Political system
Geography
Flying shuttle
Sped up weaving, allowing weavers to double their output
Spinning Jenny
James Hargreaves: (1768)Allowed spinners to produce yarn at greater quantities
Water frame
Richard Arkwright: spinning machine- father of factory, powered by water or horse
Powerloom
Edmund Cartwright(1787): weaving of cloth catched up with spinning of yarn, replaced home based hand-loom weavers
Steam engine
(1850s)Pushed the cotton industry to even greater productivity
James Watt
Scottish engineer (1760s) created an engine powered by steam that could pump water from mines 3 times as fast as others
Coke
Slow burning coal, which could heat iron ore at a faster rate than charcoal
Pig iron
Produced by smelting iron ore with coke, a lower quality than wrought iron - Henry Cort
Wrought iron
Manufactured by puddling, a process developed by Henry Cort, involved using coke to burn away impurities in pig iron
Richard Trevithick
Invented first steam powered locomotive (1804), capable of pulling 10 tons of ore + 70 people at 5 miles per hour on an industrial rail line in southern wales
George Stephenson
Built Newcastle-upon-tyne workshops, were instrumental in producing the first modern railways in Britian
Rocket
George Stephenson: used on the first pubic railway line(1837), revolutionized railway transportation by accelerating locomotives to 50 miles per hour, changing perceptions of time, space, + nature
Great Exhibition of 1851
Displays Britians wealth and success, trees and plants inside showcased human domination over nature, prince Albert: “Sign of human process and divine will
Crystal Palace
Showcased Britians industrial growth and imperial power
Tariffs
Taxes on imported goods to raise revenue, discourage imports, and protect domestic industries
Friedrich List
German writer, advocated for a rapid industrialization program and protective tariffs to protect national markets and industries from British inundation
National System
"National System of Political Economy," List supported building of railroads, tariff, and the formation of the customs unit among the German States
Ruhr Valley
The originally German controlled coal-rich valley, later France-occupied, leading miners to go on strike, resulting in the German government in printing additional money to pay the miners, leading to inflation.
Samuel Slater
British immigrant who established the first textile factory in the United States using water-powered spinning jenny machines. Caused America to begin to surpass Britain's inventions.
The Great hunger
The potato famine that struck in 1845, potatoes had been a staple in Ireland since they had been introduced from the Americas.
Irish Potato famine
A famine in 1845 when the main crop of Ireland, potatoes, was destroyed by disease. As a result, over 1 million Irish died of starvation or disease, while millions of others migrated to the United States.
Poor Law Commission
a body established to administer poor relief after the passing of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
Edwin Chadwick
Civil servant, obsessed with eleminating poverty, conducted excessive research on poor living conditions: causes- impurities, dampness, filth, overcrowded dwellings
Cholera
It is spread through contaminated water and causes death through dehydration. The disease, like many diseases, disproportionately targets the poor and those without access to clean water. Studies of the disease led to improvements in public health, sanitation, and water treatments
Pauper apprentices
Orphans/children who were abandoned by their parents and taken into care by local parishes, they were given to the factory because the factory was looking for cheap labor, children worked long hours, under strict discipline, no education as promised, inadequate food, many becoming deformed
Factory act of 1833
Prohibited workers under 9 to work in textile mills and restricted the working hours to 12 (13-17) 8 hours (9-12)
Poor law act of 1834
Enforced workhouses for the jobless poor were they were forced to live in prison like conditions, families were seperated and given work assignments, children often recruited from workhouses for factories
Trade unions
Association of workers in the same trade formed to help members secure better wages, benefits, and working conditions
Combination acts
Prohibited trade unions and collective barganging by British workers
Robert Owen
A cotton magnate and social reformer
Luddites
Skilled craftspeople in England attacked machines they believed threatened their livehoods
Chartism
Political movement of working men (19th cen) aimed to achieve political democracy by demanding universal male suffrage, payment for parliment members, and elimination of property qualifications
Explain how the prior development of the putting-out system created the conditions for the early mechanization of the textile industry in Europe?
The putting-out system established a large and steady market demand for clothing.
How did increases in agricultural productivity in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries created the conditions for industrialization in western Europe?
The increases freed up labor that was no longer needed to produce food.
The decision of many Continental European governments to sponsor and subsidize industrial development in the nineteenth century is best explained by which context?
Ongoing competition between nation-states for prestige and territory
Most central to the development of the early Industrial Revolution?
The shift from human and animal power to mechanical power
During the early Industrial Revolution, the leading industry was the manufacture of
textiles
Industrialization
The substitution of mineral and mechanical energy from animal and human energy to machines that replace more workers but produce more products at a cheaper price
Why so many workers?
Changed methods in agriculture freed more people which provided surplus labor for new factories
Britians resources?
They had no barriers to hinder domestic trade and new roads, bridges, canals, and rivers helped
William whewell
Criticized labor and intensive production practices (east) comparing them to enlightened British labor practices
Role of government
Promoted industrialization in continental countries, provided technical education, grants and financing factories, financed projects like roads and canals
3 major centers of industrialization
Belgium, France, Germany
Note 
Flashcard (46)