BIOL1720 Exam 4 pt.4

BIOL 1720 UNT Exam 4 by Brittonwomblee

What did land plants evolve from?

green algae (charophytes)

Challenges of plants moving to land

scarcity of water, lack of structural support against gravity, and radiation

advantages and adaptation of plants moving to land

sporopollenin, sunlight, more CO2 than water, nutrient-rich soil

What is alternation of generations?

The change in generation between gametophyte and sporophyte

gametophyte

is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis

sporophyte

is diploid and produces haploid spores by meiosis

Dominant generation

In alteration of generations, the generation that occupies the largest portion of the life cycle

Gametes are produced within

gametangia

Archegonia

female gametangia

Antheridia

male gametangia

nonvascular plants

bryophytes

Bryophytes

A moss, liverwort, or hornwort

Peat

Extensive deposits of undecayed organic material formed primarily from the wetland moss Sphagnum, can be used as a source of fuel

vascular tissue

allows plants to grow tall

Seedless vascular plants are usually restricted to?

because they have flagellates sperm they are usually restricted to moist environments

vascular plants are characterized by

Life cycles with dominant sporophytes
Vascular tissues called xylem and phloem
Well-developed roots and leaves

Xylem

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

Phloem

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant

Lignin

substance in vascular plants that makes cell walls rigid and allows for structural support

function of roots

to anchor a plant into the ground, absorb water and nutrients from soil

Rhizoids

A thin, rootlike structure that anchors a moss and absorbs water and nutrients.

Rhizomes

horizontal underground stems

function of leaves

carry out photosynthesis

microphyll leaves

small leaves with a single vein

megaphyllis leaves

larger leaves with highly branched vascular system

sporophylls

modified leaves with sporangia

strobili

cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls

Most seedless vascular plants are

homosporous, producing one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte

seed plants and some seedless vascular plants are

heterosporous

megasporangium

produces megaspores that give rise to the female gametophyte

microsporangium

produces microspores that give rise to the male gametophyte

seedless vascular plants

lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses and quillworts) and monilophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)

A seed consists of

seed coat, food supply, and embyro

ovule consists of

megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments

integument

covering

pollen grain

male gametophyte in seed plants

pollination

The transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants

pollen tube

A tube that forms after germination of the pollen grain and that functions in the delivery of sperm to the ovule.

Gymnosperms

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits, "naked seeds"

Angiosperms

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

Conifers

A gymnosperm, or naked seed plant, that produces cones

Anthophyta

angiosperms

fruit

The ripened ovary and other structures of an angiosperm that enclose one or more seeds.

exocarp

outer layer, skin of the fruit

mesocarp

middle layer of fruit

endocarp

Inner part of fruit

pericarp

three parts of the fruit, exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp

simple fruit

a single or several fused carpels (pea fruit)

aggregate fruit

single flower with multiple separate carpels (raspberry)

multiple fruit

group of flowers called an inflorescence (pineapple)

double fertilization

A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm.

Monocots

one cotyledon

Dicots (Eudicots)

two cotyledons

basal angiosperms

include the flowering plants belonging to the oldest lineages

Magnoliids

share some traits with basal angiosperms but evolved later

hypocotyl

The part of a plant embryo directly below the cotyledons, forming a connection with the radicle.

epicotyl

Part of the embryo in a seed that becomes the upper part of the stem and leaves

plant reproductive structure that produces eggs is called

archegonium

the true life cycle of mosses

antheridia and archegonia are produced by the gametophytes

the dominant generation in ferns is the

sporophyte

root system

All of a plant's roots, which anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food.

shoot system

The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers.

root functions

anchorage, absorption, storage

primary root

the first root that emerges from a seed

The primary root branches to form ___, which improve anchorage and water absorption

lateral roots

taproot system

develops from primary root and prevents the plant from toppling, normally dicots

fibrous root system

A root system common to monocots consisting of a mat of thin roots spreading out below the soil surface.

root hairs

tiny hair-like extensions that increase the surface area of the root allowing it to absorbs more water and nurtients

Nodes

where leaves are attached

internode

A segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached.

apical bud

located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot

axillary bud

A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch, thorn, or flower

modified stems

rhizomes, stolons, tubers

blade

thin, flattened section of a plant leaf that collects sunlight

petiole

the stalk of a leaf

Monocots veins

parallel veins

dicots veins

branched ningueins

modified leaves

tendrils, spines, storage leaves, reproductive leaves, bracts

dermal tissue system

epidermis and cuticle, periderm, trichomes

ground tissue system

pith and cortex, fulfilling a variety of functions, such as storage, photosynthesis, and support.

vascular tissue system

xylem and phloem

intermediate growth

growth occurs throughout the plant's life

Meristems

perpetually embryonic tissue and allow for indeterminate growth

determinate growth

some plant organs cease to grow at a certain size

two main types of meristems

shoot apical and root apical

apical meristem

located at the tips of roots and shoots

The root tip is covered by a __________, which protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through soil

root cap

Growth occurs just behind the root tip, in three zones of cells:

zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of maturation

pericycle

The outermost layer of the vascular cylinder of a root, where lateral roots originate.

leaf primordia

A finger-like projection along the flank of a shoot apical meristem, from which a leaf arises.

Stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

Each stomatal pore is flanked by two ___, which regulate its opening and closing

guard cells

secondary growth

Growth produced by lateral meristems, which thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants.

secondary growth is characteristics of

gymnosperms and many eudicots but NOT monocots

what are some characteristics of dicots?

taproot system, two cotyledons, and netlike venation in leaves

what is NOT a characteristic of dicots

flower organs arranged in multiples of 3

products of double fertilization

both zygote (2n) and endosperm (3n)

apoplastic route

through cell walls and extracellular spaces

symplastic route

through cytosol and plasmodesmata

transmembrane route

across cell walls