NDFS Exam 4

Only the new material since Exam 3. Remember the exam is cumulative.

Characteristics of anorexia nervosa

• Extreme dietary restriction leading to significantly low body weight

• Disturbed perception of body weight

• Preoccupation with food (food is all they’re thinking about)

• Excessive exercise

• Overwhelming distress about weight gain

Health consequences of anorexia nervosa

• Amenorrhea. Absence of menstruation, not enough fat to produce estrogen

• Causes loss in bone density, calcium deficiency, leads to osteoporosis.

• Impaired thinking and depression, social interests decline

• Physical capacity declines

• Cardiac failure, death

• **Specific to anorexia: Hair loss, fainting, fatigue, loss of heart tissue, little subcutaneous fat, bruising, low body temperature, loss of period, muscle tears/stress fractures, lanugo (soft hairs usually found on infants)

• Iron deficiency anemia, blood potassium imbalance, irregular heart rate, constipation, dental decay, sleep disturbances, infertility, immune dysfunction

Characteristics of bulimia nervosa

• Recurring binging followed by self induced vomiting or compensatory behaviors (diuretics, laxatives)

• Usually a normal looking weight

• Bingeing > fear of fat gain > purging > loss of fear of fat gain > guilt > anxiety > repeat

Health consequences of bulimia nervosa

• **Specific to bulimia: swollen salivary glands, irritation of the esophagus, stomach ulcers.

• **Same as anorexia nervosa: iron deficiency anemia, blood potassium imbalance, irregular heart rate, dental decay, constipation

• Sleep disturbances, immune dysfunction, infertility

Characteristics of binge-eating disorder

• Recurring episodes of binging without compensatory behaviors

• Still have guilt, but no throwing up the food that is being binged

Consequences of binge-eating disorder

Weight gain and health implications from overeating

What does OSFED stand for?

Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorders

Examples of OSFED

• Atypical anorexia nervosa (weight still within normal range)

• Bulimia nervosa of low frequency or duration

• Binge eating disorder of low frequency or duration

***This is the most important stage to catch it at!

Which foods are troublesome with microbial food poisoning?

• MEATS - poultry, ground meats, fish, beef, porj

How can we prevent microbial food poisoning?

CLEAN - wash hands; wash produce; cut bruised or damaged parts

SEPARATE - separate cutting boards and knives for meats and raw foods; put cooked burgers on a different plate than when raw; put meat on bottom shelf of fridge

COOK - cook to proper temperatures

CHILL - chill; don’t let food sit in temperature danger zone

What is the temperature danger zone for foods?

40-140*F

What are safe temperatures for refrigerators?

Lower than 40*F

What are safe temperatures for freezers?

Ideally 0*F, but at least below 32*F

What temperature should you cook foods to?

145 degrees F - fish, beef, pork (steaks, roasts, chops)

160 degrees F - ground meats (hamburger), eggs

165 degrees F - poultry, leftovers

*Fish are lowest, birds are highest. Fish swim, meats walk, and birds fly

What is pasteurization?

• Treatment of milk, juices or eggs with heat high enough to kill disease-causing bacteria

• Still needs refrigeration.

• Outbreaks are rising due to more states allowing sale of raw milk.

Possible long-term complications of environmental contaminants in food and how consumers can minimize their exposure.

Pesticides

Chemicals used to control insects, diseases, weeds, fungi, and other pests on crops.

EPA sets tolerance limits for pesticide residues allowed on foods. The limit is far from when symptoms show up, but we should still pay attention.

What are GMOs?

Genetically Modified Organisms engineered by scientists to obtain desired traits and suppress unwanted ones

What are the pros of GMOs?

• Can correct nutrient deficiencies

• Extend shelf life

• Pest and weather-resistant

What are the cons of GMOs?

• GE pesticide resistance

• Decreasing biodiversity

• Long-term unknown

• Ethics

Food additives

• Lengthen shelf-life, enhance flavor or color, decrease bacteria

• FDA determines if additives are safe

• Cannot hide poor food quality

• Benefits outweigh risk (concentrations are well below tolerance limits)

What is the recommended pregnancy weight gain for a woman who is underweight?

28 to 40 pounds

What is the recommended pregnancy weight gain for a woman who is healthy weight?

25 to 35 pounds

What is the recommended pregnancy weight gain for a woman who is overweight?

15 to 25 pounds

What is the recommended pregnancy weight gain for a woman who is obese?

11 to 20 pounds

How to manage nausea?

• Easy, bland foods (crackers)

• Small, frequent meals

• Avoid strong-smelling foods

• Ginger, B6

How to manage heartburn?

• Eat slowly, chew food well

• Small, frequent meals

• Liquids between meals

• Avoid spicy or greasy foods

• Sit up after eating

How to manage constipation?

• Eat a diet high in fiber with more fruits and vegetables

• Exercise

• Lots of liquids

Rich in antibodies, the milk made by the mother’s breast during the first few days after birth is

colostrum