Vietnam War - Chapter Four
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58 Terms
What U.S. agency trained Ho Chi Minh’s Viet Minh forces?
The OSS (Office of Strategic Services).
What was the name of the OSS mission with Ho?
The Deer Mission.
Where was the Deer Mission headquartered?
Kunming, southwest China.
Who was the first American killed in Vietnam?
Lt. Col. Peter Dewey (OSS).
Where was Peter Dewey stationed in 1945?
Saigon.
Why did Dewey alienate French and British officers?
He contacted the Viet Minh.
How did Peter Dewey die?
Accidentally killed in a Viet Minh ambush.
What distinction does Dewey hold in Vietnam history?
First American killed in Vietnam.
When did Vietnam declare independence?
September 2, 1945.
Where was independence declared?
Ba Dinh Square, Hanoi.
What groups were present at the celebration?
Peasants, mandarins, merchants, guerrillas, monks, priests.
What did Ho wear during the declaration?
A kahki tunic and rubber sandals.
What document did Ho quote in his speech?
The U.S. Declaration of Independence.
Why did Ho quote the American Declaration?
To appeal for U.S. support.
What earlier international appeal had Ho made?
An unsuccessful appeal to Woodrow Wilson (1919).
What happened in Saigon in 1945 when French returned?
Nationalists were rounded up; riots broke out.
Why did Ho agree to French troops in Hanoi in 1946?
To secure Chinese withdrawal.
Who mainly welcomed French troops back to Hanoi?
French residents.
Where did Ho speak before leaving France in 1946?
Paris.
Why did Ho leave Paris in 1946?
Negotiations broke down.
Which French official undermined negotiations?
Admiral Thierry d’Argenlieu.
Which French general commanded returning forces?
General Philippe Leclerc.
Who was Admiral Thierry d’Argenlieu?
French governor in southern Vietnam; obstructed peace.
Who was General Douglas Gracey?
British commander sent to disarm Japanese in southern Vietnam.
Who led French military operations in Vietnam?
General Leclerc.
Who replaced Leclerc as French commander in 1946?
General Etienne Valluy.
What was Valluy’s stance toward Viet Minh?
Advocated a hardline military approach.
Who was the Viet Minh’s top military commander?
General Vo Nguyen Giap.
What mistake did Giap make early in the war?
He overextended Viet Minh forces.
Who were Ho Chi Minh’s senior comrades?
Oham Van Dong, Truong Chinh, and Giap.
What did Truong Chinh’s pseudonym mean?
“Long March,” borrowed from Chinese Communists.
What was Ho’s leadership style?
Pragmatic, willing to shift tactics.
What was Ho’s ultimate goal?
Vietnam’s independence.
Where was the Hoa Hao sect based?
Mekong Delta.
What role did Hoa Hao play?
Built a private army.
Where was the Cao Dai headquartered?
Tay Ninh.
Which figures were honored in the Cao Dai temple?
Jesus, Buddha, and Joan of Arc.
Who said, “If those gooks want a fight, they’ll get it”?
French General Valluy.
Who said, “The struggle will be atrocious, but the Vietnamese will suffer anything rather than renounce freedom”?
Ho Chi Minh.
What 1941 document inspired Ho Chi Minh?
The Atlantic Charter.
How did Roosevelt view French colonialism?
Inconsistent—sometimes opposed, sometimes supportive.
What trusteeship idea did Roosevelt propose?
International trusteeship for Indochina.
To whom did Roosevelt briefly suggest giving Indochina in 1945?
Chiang Kai-shek’s China.
What did Roosevelt say in Jan. 1945 about U.S. involvement in Indochina?
The U.S. should not interfere.
When did Japan invade Indochina?
1940.
How did Japan treat French colonial administration initially?
Left it intact.
What happened in March 1945?
Japan ousted French and declared Bao Dai emperor.
Who almost became prime minister under Japan?
Ngo Dinh Diem.
How many people died in the 1945 famine?
About 2 million.
What caused the famine?
Forced planting of jute, rice requisition, and flooding.
When did Ho form the National Liberation Committee?
August 16, 1945.
What did Bao Dai’s abdication symbolize?
Legitimacy transfer (“mandate of heaven”) to Ho.
When did Bao Dai abdicate?
August 25, 1945.
What title did Bao Dai take after abdication?
Citizen Nguyen Vinh Thuy.
What role did Ho give Bao Dai in the new government?
Supreme adviser.
How did Viet Minh seize Hanoi in Aug. 1945?
Took over public buildings, announced power from opera house.
Who did Viet Minh eliminate during revolution?
Rivals like Ngo Dinh Khoi.
What slogan did Ho issue at the August 16 meeting?
“Forward! Forward! Under the Vietminh banner!”
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