Ap world 4.1-4.3

What is the caravel?

Fast Portuguese ship with lateen sails → long-distance travel.

What does the astrolabe do?

Measures latitude using stars → helps navigation.

What does the magnetic compass do?

Shows direction → improved navigation.

What is the lateen sail?

Triangle sail that sails against wind → better control.

What are the 3 G’s and what do they mean?

God (spread Christianity)
Gold (wealth and trade)
Glory (national power & fame)

Why did Europeans want “Gold”?

They wanted Asian goods, wealth, and access to spice trade.

Why did Europeans pursue “Glory”?

Competition between European powers for land and prestige.

What did “God” mean in exploration?

Missionaries and rulers wanted to spread Christianity.

Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?

Portuguese prince who funded voyages and navigation schools.

What did Vasco da Gama accomplish?

He reached India by sea → opened Indian Ocean trade.

What did Columbus do in 1492?

Reached the Americas while looking for Asia.

What did Ferdinand Magellan accomplish?

Led the first expedition to circle the globe (circumnavigation).

Who was John Cabot and what did he explore?

An English explorer who reached North America.

Who was Jacques Cartier and what did he explore?

French explorer who traveled through Canada → started French fur trade.

What was the Dutch East India Company (VOC)?

A powerful trading company that controlled trade routes and made huge profits.

What major crops went from the Americas to Europe/Africa/Asia?

Potatoes, corn, tomatoes, cacao.

How did American crops impact European populations?

Improved diets → population increased.

What major crops went from Europe/Africa/Asia to the Americas?

Sugarcane, wheat, coffee.

How did these Old World crops affect labor systems in the Americas?

Led to plantations → increased need for enslaved African labor.

What animals did Europeans bring to the Americas?

Horses, cows, pigs.

How did horses transform Native American societies?

Improved hunting (especially buffalo) and warfare → greater mobility.

What diseases did Europeans bring to the Americas?

Smallpox, measles.

What was the demographic impact of these diseases on Indigenous people?

Up to 90% of Indigenous populations died.

What did Europe trade to Africa?

Guns and manufactured goods.

What was the Middle Passage?

The brutal voyage enslaved Africans endured to reach the Americas.

What goods went from the Americas to Europe?

Sugar, tobacco, cotton, silver.

What goods went from Europe to Africa?

Guns, textiles, manufactured goods.

What goods went from Africa to the Americas?

Enslaved Africans.

What was one major economic effect of the Atlantic System?

Growth of global trade & huge profits for Europe.

What was one major social effect?

Rise of slavery + cultural mixing (African, Indigenous, European).

What was one major environmental effect of the Columbian Exchange?

New plants/animals reshaped ecosystems; deforestation for plantations.