IB Chemistry: HL Organic chemistry単語カード | Quizlet

homologous series

group of organic species, all containing the same functional group and varying only by carbon-chain length

characteristics of successive members of a homologous series

differ by a CH2 group; same general formula; gradual change in physical properties; similar chemical properties

empirical formula

the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms the molecule contains

molecular formula

the actual number of atoms of each element present in the molecule

structural formula

a representation of the molecule showing how the atoms are bonded to each other

-ane

alkane

-ene

alkene

-yne

alkyne

-anol

alcohol

-anamine

amine

-anal

aldehyde

-anone

ketone

-anoic acid

carboxylic acid

-anoate

ester

-anenitrile

nitrile

structural isomers

compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of the atoms

primary carbon atom

carbon atom in an organic molecule that is attached to the functional group and at least two hydrogen atoms

secondary carbon atom

carbon atom in an organic molecule that is attached to the functional group, one hydrogen atom and two alkyl groups

tertiary carbon atom

carbon atom in an organic molecule that is attached to the functional group and three alkyl groups

volatility

a measure of the ease in which a substance changes into the gaseous state

stereoisomers

compounds with the same structural formula but different arrangements of atoms in space

geometrical isomers

isomers with different arrangements of atoms in space due to a restriction which is subdivided into cis- and trans-isomers

chiral atom

an atom with four different atoms or groups of atoms bonded to it

optical isomers

isomers of compounds with a chiral atom that are arranged in different three-dimensional configurations and are mirrored images of each other

enantiomers

optical isomers

racemic mixture

a mixture that contains equal amounts of the left-hand and right-hand enantiomers

alkane + halogen

halogenoalkane + hydrogen halide

alkene + hydrogen

alkane

alkene + hydrogen context

nickel catalyst; 150 deg

alkene + halogen

dihalogenoalkane

alkene + halogen context

room temperature

alkene + hydrogen halide

halogenalkane

alkene + hydrogen halide context

room temperature

alkene + water

alcohol

alkene + water context

concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst; heat with steam

test to distinguish between alkanes and alkenes

bromine water

oxidation of alcohol context

acidified potassium dichromate as oxidizing agent; heat

oxidation of primary alcohol

aldehyde -> carboxylic acid

oxidation of secondary alcohol

ketone

test to distinguish between primary or secondary alcohol, and tertiary alcohol

potassium dichromate colour change from yellow to greenish

nucleophile

an electron-rich compound which is attracted to a region of electron deficiency

mechanism substitution reaction primary halogenoalkane

Sn2

mechanism substitution reaction tertiary halogenoalkane

Sn1

relative rate of reactivity of halogenoalkane nucleophile substitution

tertiary > secondary > primary

relative carbon-halogen bond strengths of halogenalkanes

iodoalkane > fluoroalkane

nucleophile substitution reaction: halogenoalkane + ammonia

amine

nucleophile substitution reaction: halogenoalkane + ammonia context

concentrated ammonia; sealed tube high pressure

nucleophile substitution reaction: halogenoalkane + hydroxide

alcohol

nucleophile substitution reaction: halogenoalkane + potassium cyanide

nitrile

nucleophile substitution reaction: halogenoalkane + potassium cyanide context

dissolved in ethanol

reduction of nitrile

primary amine

reduction of nitrile context

hydrogen; nickel catalyst

elimination of halogenoalkane

alkene + halide ion + water

elimination of halogenoalkane context

NaOH; hot alcoholic solution

halogenoalkane + NaOH → alcohol context

warm aqueous solution

halogenoalkane + NaOH → alkene context

hot alcoholic solution

carboxylic acid + alcohol

ester + water

carboxylic acid + alcohol context

concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst

carboxylic acid + amine

secondary amide + water

use of polyesters

food flavourings; perfumes; plasticizers; triglycerides

use of polyamides

polypeptides; plastics; textiles