AP EURO Unit 8: 20th Century Global Conflicts

Conscription

The compulsory enlistment of people within a national service, mostly the military. This was used widely during ww1 in order to increase army size and replenishes losses

Mobilization

the action of a country or its government preparing and organizing troops for active service

Black Hand

Formed in 1901 within Serbia, it was a secret military society formed with the desire t unite all southern Slavic territories under Serbia. The organization is most notable for their assassination of Fran's Ferdinand in 1914.

Schlieffen Plan

The name for the German war plan for the invasion of France during WW!. The plan called for the invasion of Belgium and a sweep around into northern France, however it also drew the ire of Britain and forced them into the war. The plan was eventually ended by the halt of the German advance at the Battle of the Marne

Trench Warfare

The term for the form of warfare that occurred on the western front during World War One. This form of warfare consisted of vast lines of fortifications on both sides and large death tolls as soldiers charged across the battlefield in an attempt to take over the enemy fortifications.

Nationalization

The term for the transfer of a major branch of industry or commerce from private to state ownership or control. It was used often during World War One in order to manage the economy for the war effort and to prioritize certain industries and products

Total War

warfare that includes any and all civilian-associated resources and infrastructure as legitimate military targets, mobilizes all of the resources of society to fight the war, and gives priority to warfare over non-combatant needs

February Revolution

it was an uprising of various revolutionary groups against the monarchy in Russia in the imperial capital of Petrograd. The victory of the rebels here led to the abdication of the Russian Tsar

Bolsheviks

One of and the most important communist faction within Russia, the Bolsheviks were the primary party leading the rebellion against the monarchy and upon the abdication of the tsar, became the Communist party of the Soviet Union and gained control over the country

Vladmir Lenin

Russian Revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. He is credited with inspiring the communist revolutions within Russia and their subsequent victory against both the tsar and the whites during the civil war.

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary and politician, he is widely known for the creation of his communist ideology that promoted a worldwide communist revolution through military intervention and complete political control. He was eventually forced into exile once Joseph Stalin came to power

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Signed in 1918, this treaty marked the end of the fighting on the eastern front as the newly established Soviet Russia ceded the territories of the Baltic states, Belorussia and Ukraine to Germany to be turned into puppet states. This was done in order to fulfill the communist promises of peace, land, and bread

Self-determination

Made prominent by Woodrow Wilson in his 14 points, this ideology promoted the creation of sovereign states based upon nationalities which led to the creation of the Polish state, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and the cession of Transylvania to Romania

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty that ended WW1 in 1918. The treaty process was dominated by the British and the French who decided to enact harsh policies against Germany such as the demilitarization of the Rhineland, was reparations totaling 10 billion, and most controversially, the War Guilt Cause. This treaty would become the focus of many fascist groups with Germany and would eventually aid Adolf Hitler in his rise to power.

Keynesian economics

Economic theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes. It is important because according to Keynesian economics, government can spend their economies out of a depression by using deficit spending employment and stimulate growth

Great Depression

Was the economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries. It is important because of its effect on economic activity across the globe. Including Europe as it worked to recover from WW1

Collectivization

tactic used by Joseph Stalin that consisted of combining private farms to government control and having mass production of food to combat the famines and create regular agricultural exports. However, this only created more famines as the Soviet Union wasn't prepared technologically for mass farming and most exports went to the soldiers fighting in WWII once the war broke out

Gulags

a system of Soviet labor camps and accompanying detention and transit camps and prisons that from the 1920s to the mid 1950s housed the political prisoners and criminals of the Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin

was a Soviet Revolutionary and politician who was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union

Benito Mussolini

was an Italian dictator who founded and led the National Fascist Party (PNF). He was Prime Minister of Italy from the March on Rome in 1922 until his deposition in 1943

Totalitarianism

is a political system and a form of government that prohibits opposition political parties, outlaws and disregards the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and so controls the public sphere and the private spere of society

Fascism

is a far right, authoritarian, ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation or race, and strong regimentation of society and economy

Nuremburg Laws

were antisemitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany. The laws forbade marriages and extramarital intercourse between Jews and Germans and declared that only those of German or related blood were eligible to be Reich citizens

Holocaust

The genocide of European Jews during WWII. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population

Appeasement

is a diplomatic policy of making political, material, or territorial concessions to an aggressive power to avoid conflict. Characteristic of Britain's approach to Hitler in the lead up to World War II