SOC-100 Exam 3 Terms

Animism

The belief that spirits are part of the natural world, as in totemism

alternative social movements

social movements that seek the most limited social change and often target a narrow group of people

authority

the justifiable right to exercise power

Bureaucracy

a legal-rational organization or mode of administration that governs with reference to formal rules and roles and emphasizes merit-based advancement

church

large bodies of people belonging to an established religious organization the term is also used to refer to the place in which religious ceremonies are carried out

civil religion

a set of religious beliefs through which a society interprets its own history in light of some conception of ultimate reality

classical model

model of social movements based on a concept of structural weakness in society that results in psychological disruption in individuals

collective action

action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation.

contagion theory

collective action arises because of people's tendency to conform to the behavior of others with whom they are in close contact

convergence theory

collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place.

corporation

a legal entity unto itself that has legal personhood distinct from that of its members—namely its owners and shareholders

credentialism

an overemphasis on credentials (e.g., college degrees for signaling social status or qualifications for a job)

cults

fragmentary religious groupings to which individuals are loosely affiliated but that lack any permanent structure

cultural globalization

diffusion of cultural practices, values, and products across national borders includes the spread of popular culture, such as music, movies, and fashion, as well as the exchange of ideas, beliefs, and lifestyles

denomination

a religious sect that has lost its revivalist dynamism and become an institutionalized body, commanding the adherence of significant numbers of people

disestablishment

a period during which political influence of established religions is successfully challenged

dual labor market theory

migration is driven by structural demand for low-wage labor in developed countries

dualist perspective

the view that the informal economy exists separately from the formal economy and provides income for those excluded from formal employment.

ecological approach

in the eld of urban analysis, a perspective emphasizing the "natural" distribution of city neighborhoods into areas having contrasting characteristics

Ecological Modernization

a theory suggesting that environmental protection can be achieved through technological innovation and institutional reform within capitalist systems.

Economic Globalization

increasing interconnectedness and integration of economies across the world through the free flow of goods, services, capital, and technology.

emergent norm theory

emphasizes the influence of keynoters in promoting new behavioral norm

endogamy

marriage to someone within one's social group

environmental justice

a framework that seeks fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people—regardless of race, class, or income—in environmental decision-making and protection from environmental harms

environmental sociology

examines the relationships between society and the natural environment, including how social factors contribute to environmental problems and how environmental issues affect society

ethicalism

the adherence to certain principles to lead a moral life, as in Buddhism and Taoism

exogamy

marriage to someone outside one's social group

extended family

kin networks that extend outside or beyond the nuclear family

family capitalism

capitalistic enterprises owned and administered by entrepreneurial families

Fordism

the system of production pioneered by Henry Ford, in which the assembly line was introduced

foreign aid

voluntary transfer of public resources, from a government to another independent government, to an NGO, or to an international organization (such as the World Bank or the UN Development Program) with at least a 25 percent grant element, one goal of which is to better the human condition in the country receiving the aid

frames

social movements frame, or assign meaning to and interpret, relevant events and conditions in ways that are intended to mobilize potential adherents and constituents, to garner bystander support, and to demobilize antagonists

gentrification

when neighborhoods undergo a process of change where new investment, new people, and new establishments move into and alter the character of a neighborhood.

global capitalism

the current transnational phase of capitalism, characterized by global markets, production, finances; a transnational capitalist class whose business concerns are global rather than national; and transnational systems of governance that promote global business interests

global city

a city, such as London, New York, or Tokyo, that has become an organizing center of the new global economy

global governance

the process by which individual governments, IGOs, NGOs, and transnational organizations, come together to establish global rules, norms and standards or to regulate or resolve specific trans-border problems

Human Exceptionalism Paradigm

a sociological view that sees humans as superior to other species, exempt from ecological limits due to culture and technology, with nature existing primarily to serve human needs

hidden curriculum

the nonacademic and less overt socialization functions of schooling

historical-structural theory

migration is shaped by historical and global economic structures creating inequality between countries

hypothesis of persistent inequalities

refers to the idea that educational systems tend to reproduce existing social  inequalities over time, rather than eliminate them—even as access to education expands

informal economy

economic activities that are not regulated by the state and often occur outside formal labor protections and taxation systems

informal settlement

residential areas where housing has been constructed without social approval, often lacking legal land tenure, basic infrastructure, and access to essential services such as water, sanitation, and electricity

institutional capitalism

consolidated networks of business leadership in which corporations hold stock shares in one another, resulting in increased concentration of corporate power

internationalization of the state

the state incorporates global norms within its borders, focusing on the adaptation of national policies to international frameworks.

legal-rational authority

authority based on legal, impersonal rules: the rules rule

legalist perspective

the belief that the informal economy arises when entrepreneurs avoid burdensome government regulations and bureaucratic red tape

managerial capitalism

capitalistic enterprises administered by managerial executives rather than by owners

McDonaldization

the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world

migrant

a person who moves away from his or her usual place of residence, whether within a country or across an international border, temporarily or permanently, and for a variety of reasons

nation

people with a common identity that ideally includes a shared culture, language, and feelings of belonging

New Ecological Paradigm

a sociological perspective that sees humans as part of, not separate from, the natural world and emphasizes that social systems are constrained by ecological limits

new economics of labor migration

migration is a household strategy to manage risk and secure income through remittances

offshoring

company moves or expands some or all of its operations and jobs to overseas locations

offshore outsourcing

outsourcing of goods and services offshore

outsourcing

company buys goods or services once performed in-house from a supplier outside of the firm

one-dimensional power

the ability to get people to do something that you want through open conflict

political globalization

process by which political power is increasingly exercised at the global rather than at the national level.

political process model

model of social movements that focuses on the structure of political opportunities; when these are favorable to a particular challenger, the chances are better for the success of a social movement led by this challenger

polyandry

the practice of having multiple husbands simultaneously

polygyny

the practice of having multiple wives simultaneously

power

the ability to carry out one's own will despite resistance

profane

that which belongs to the mundane, everyday world.

push-pull models / theory

migration results from a combination of negative conditions that push people from their home country and positive conditions that pull them to a new one

receiving countries

host or destination countries where migrants go

redemptive social movements

social movements that target specific groups but advocate for more radical change in behavior

reformative social movements

social movements that advocate for limited social change across an entire society

religion

a system of beliefs, traditions, and practices around sacred things: a set of shared stories that guides belief and action

remittances

private international monetary transfers that migrants make, individually or collectively

resource-mobilization theory

model of social movements that emphasizes political context and goals but also states that social movements are unlikely to emerge without the necessary resources

revolutionary social movements

social movements that advocate for the radical reorganization of society

sacred

that which inspires attitudes of awe and reverence among believers in a given set of religious ideas

secularism

a general movement away from religiosity and spiritual belief toward a rational, scientific orientation; a trend adopted by industrialized nations in the form of separation of church and state

slum

A group of individuals living under the same roof in an urban area who lack one or more of the following: housing, space, water, sanitation, security

social movement

collective behavior that is purposeful and organized and the seeks to challenge or change one or more aspects of society through institutional and extra-institutional means

sovereignty

within these blocks of territory, states or national governments claim supreme and exclusive authority over, and allegiance from, their peoples authority is backed by law and the ability to use force

state

a political apparatus (government institutions plus civil service officials) ruling over a given territorial order, whose authority is backed by law and the ability to use force

street-level bureaucrats

public service workers who interact directly with citizens in the course of their jobs and have substantial discretion in the execution of their work

sustainable development

meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, by balancing economic, social, and environmental considerations

territoriality

humankind is organized principally into discrete territorial, political communities which are called nation-states

three-dimensional power

the ability to get what you want by influencing the preferences of others

traditional authority

authority that rests on appeals to the past or traditions

transnational corporation

A transnational corporation is a firm with the power to coordinate and control operations in more than one country, even if it does not own them

Treadmill of Production

a theory that explains environmental degradation as a result of continuous economic growth driven by capitalist system

two-dimensional power

the ability to get what you want through suppressing conflict and limiting the scope of debate

Urbanism

a term used by Louis Wirth to denote distinctive characteristics of urban social life, such as its impersonality

Urbanization

the movement of the population into towns and cities and away from rural areas

voluntarist perspective

the idea that workers and businesses choose to participate in the informal economy to maximize profits and flexibility, rather than being forced by exclusion

welfare capitalism

the practice by which large corporations protect their employees from the fluctuations in the economy