UNIT 6 APUSH - KEY TERMS

American Federation Labor

A national federation of labor unions in the united states founded in 1886

Battle of Little Bighorn

An 1876 battle where native american tribes defeated the 7th cavalry regiment of the us army

Billion Dollar Congress

they were significantly raised tariffs and financially. Also legislated many expensive expedition

Buffalo Soldier

Black infantry regiments fought in american-indian wars, called buffalo soldiers by native americans.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Passed in 1882. Restricted Chinese immigrants into the united states.

Collective Bargaining

negotiation strategy used by labor unions to influence wages and working conditions

Comstock Lode

Mining discovery made by Henry Comstock. One of the most significant mining discoveries in American history. Virginia Range of Nevada.

Convict Lease

a system of forced penal lavor that was practiced. Many corporations used this type of labor to cut down on labor costs as they didnt have to pay them.

Corporate capitalism

Corporations play a central role in producing, distributing and exchange of goods and services

Corporate

legal entities that are separate from their owners, allowing them to operate as independent businesses with rights and responsibilities

Dawes Act

Passed in 1887. Aimed to transform native american reservations by diviing the comunal tribal lands into individual allotments for NA. Aimed to assimilated native americans, encourage them to pick up American cultures such as farming

Deflation

a decline of prices for goods and services.

eugenics

aimed to improve genetic quality of society. believed that american women should marry and have children with irish and other white immigrants

Farmers Alliance

american movement during the 1870s and 80s that sought to improve the economic conditions for farmers through the creation of eduacation and collective interests

frontier thesis

made by frederick jackson, as the us expanded america experienced a rebirth with each new expansion (Mississippi, missouri rocky mountains). Frontier caused america to be less dependent on england.

Ghetto

neighborhoods where immigrants from a certain region of country tended to live together due to their common culture language and heritage

Ghost Dance

religious movement among native american tribes in the late 19th century sought to restore their traditional way of life. Last effort native american resist us domination

The Gospel of Wealth

Carnegie argued that extremely wealthy Americans like himself had a responsibility to spend their money in order to benefit the greater good. he didnt outwardly donate to them but would invest in libraries and universities.

grange

the patrons of husbandry. was founded in 1867 to advance methods of agriculture as well as to promote the social and economic needs of farmers in the united states.

great plains

crucial role in the westward expansion of the united states, also where native americans were placed

1. Gross Domestic Product

total monetary value of all final goods and services produced within a countries borders

Haymarket Riot

began as a peaceful rally advoacting for eight hour workdays, somebody threw a bomb to the crowd resulting in 7 men being killed. Resulted in the downfall of the Knights of Labor. this happened in 1886

holding company

Companies that own. Part or all of other companies' stock in order to extend monopoly control. Often, they do not produce goods or services of their own but only exist to control other companies.

1. Alexander Graham Bell

the invention of the telephone in the late 19th century

1. Henry Bessemer

created the bessemer converter, a machine that turns iron to steel

1. William Jennings Bryan

Bryan's advocacy for the free silver movement aimed to help struggling farmers by increasing the money supply, which he believed would lead to inflation and higher prices for crops. He was a key figure in the rise of progressive movements, promoting social reforms like women's suffrage and anti-imperialism.

1. Andrew Carnegie

Monopoly owner, the steel company, a big advocate for social darwinism. wrote gospel of wealth

1. Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, anti tarrifs and wanted reforming governmental corruption

1. Jacob Coxey

Jacob Coxey was an American businessman and political activist who led the first significant march on Washington, D.C., in 1894, advocating for the government's creation of jobs through public works programs during the economic hardships of the Gilded Age.

1. George Armstrong Custer

Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer and his forces were decisively defeated by a coalition of Native during the battle of little bighorn

1. Eugene V. Debs

1. Debs was a five-time presidential candidate for the Socialist Party, advocating for social reform, including workers' rights, public ownership of utilities, and an end to capitalism.

2. He was instrumental in organizing the Pullman Strike of 1894, which drew national attention to labor conditions and led to his arrest.

1. WEB Du Bois

advocacy for equal rights and higher education for African Americans.

1. Homestead Act

The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property. This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War;

1. Homestead Strike

a violent labour dispute between the Carnegie Steel Company and many of its workers that occurred in 1892 in Homestead, Pennsylvania

1. Horizontal Integration

the acquisition of a business producing the same

1. Industrial Workers of the World

a radical labor union primarily of unskilled laborers

1. Interstate Commerce Commission

oversee the conduct of the railroad industry

1. Jim Crow Laws

legalize the marginalization of African Americans

1. Knights of Labor

1869 the first major labor organization in the United States

1. Labor Union

organized associations of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests in the workplace

1. Laissez-Faire

an economic philosophy that advocates for minimal government intervention in the marketplace, allowing supply and demand to dictate prices and production.

1. Land Rush

Men and women rushed to claim homesteads or to purchase lots in one of the many new towns that sprang into existence overnight

1. Long Drive

system by which cowboys herded cattle hundreds of miles north from Texas to Dodge City and the other cow towns of Kansas.

1. Melting Pot

immigrants adopt American culture and abandon culture from their home country.

1. Mormon

utah area part of the latter day saints

1. Nativism

anti immigration

1. New South

post reconstruction era where the south started to industrialize

1. Panic of 1893

stock prices declined

1. Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

provided that federal government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit and that government employees be selected through competitive exams. The act also made it unlawful to fire or demote for political reasons employees who were covered by the law.

1. Pinkerton Agency

provide agents that would infiltrate unions, to supply guards to keep strikers and suspected unionists out of factories. homestead strike

1. Plessy v Ferguson

separate but equal. Legal justification for segregation

1. Political Boss/Machine

controls a faction or local branch of the political party

poll tax

fees required to be paid for voting often used to disenfranchise low income individuals particularly African American

1. Thomas Alva Edison

electric light bulb

1. Geronimo

A Native American leader of the Apache who fought against the mexicans and the United States during the Apache Wars

1. Samuel Gompers

prominent leader and founder of the American Federation of Labor for over 40 years

1. Jay Gould

acquired the Manhattan Elevated Railroad robber baron

1. Henry Grady

leading advocate for the new south

1. Chief Joseph

leader of the nez perce, powerful advocates for his peoples rights

1. William McKinley

William McKinley 25th president that supported the gold standard and high tariffs

1. JP Morgan

dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during this time

1. Terence V. Powderly

served as a union leader of the knights of labor spokesperson for the workers interest and for the first time made organized labor

1. Populists

party that sought to represent farmers, aimed to improve conditions for the country’s farmers. Omaha convention

1. Pullman Strike

Pullman refused to meet with workers to hear their requests for higher wages, lower rents, and better working conditions. In protest, Pullman workers walked off the job on May 11, 1894. The American Railway Union agreed to assist Pullman workers.

Pullman cut down wages but kept the rent higher

1. Robber Baron

successful industrialists whose business practices often considered ruthless and unethical

1. Santa Clara County v Southern Pacific

regarded corporations as people and upheld their 14th amendment

1. Scientific Management

theory of creating a scientific job environment to manage the workers and increase productivity

1. Settlement House

Settlement houses were organizations that provided support services to the urban poor and European immigrants, often including education, healthcare, childcare, and employment resources. created by Jane Addams

1. Sherman Antitrust Act

a federal statute which prohibits activities that restrict interstate commerce and competition in the marketplace.

1. Sherman Silver Purchase Act

mandated the U.S. government to purchase large amounts of silver to be minted into coins, intending to increase the money supply and stabilize the economy during a period of deflation.

1. Social Darwinism

the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better

1. Social Gospel

the application of Christian principles to social problems

1. Socialist Party of America

dedicated to the welfare of the working class

1. Subtreasury System

providing farmers with direct access to credit and storage for their crops, allowing them to bypass traditional banking systems.

1. Sweatshop

a place of work where the workers earn very low wages in unhealthy conditions

1. Tammany Hall

powerful political organization in NYC associated with the democratic party

1. Tenement

multi-family urban dwellings that were often poorly constructed and overcrowded

1. Transcontinental Railroad

a continuous rail line constructed between Omaha, Nebraska and San Francisco Bay, California

1. Treaty of Fort Laramie

recognized the Black Hills as part of the Great Sioux Reservation, set aside for exclusive use by the Sioux people

1. Treaty of Medicine Lodge

The Treaty of Medicine Lodge (1867) was a series of agreements between the U.S. government and several Native American tribes, including the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache, which aimed to relocate the tribes to reservations in exchange for protection and provisions.

1. Trust

refers to a large business combination that aims to consolidate and control multiple companies within an industry to reduce competition and establish a monopoly.

1. US v EC Knight Company

limited the federal government's power to regulate monopolies under the Sherman Antitrust Act. The Court ruled that manufacturing (in this case, sugar refining) was a local activity and not subject to federal regulation under the Commerce Clause

1. Vertical Integration

A business strategy where a company controls multiple stages of production within the same industry.

1. Williams v Mississippi

A Supreme Court case that upheld state laws requiring literacy tests for voting, effectively disenfranchising many African Americans

Wounded Knee (1890

• The site of a massacre where U.S. troops killed hundreds of Lakota Sioux, marking the end of Native American resistance in the Plains.

George Pullman

An industrialist known for designing the Pullman sleeping car and for his role in the Pullman Strike of 1894

Jacob Riis

A journalist and photographer who exposed the poor living conditions in New York City's tenements in his book "How the Other Half Lives."

John D. Rockefeller

• The founder of Standard Oil Company, who became one of the wealthiest individuals in history through his monopolistic business practices.

Frederick W. Taylor

An engineer who developed the principles of scientific management to improve industrial efficiency.

Frederick Jackson Turner

A historian who proposed the "Frontier Thesis," which argued that the American frontier was a key factor in shaping American democracy and society.

Boss Tweed

The corrupt leader of Tammany Hall in New York City during the 19th century, known for his political machine and embezzlement schemes.

interstate commerce act

applied the Constitution's “Commerce Clause”—granting Congress the power “to Regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States”—to regulating railroad rates.