478- Pathology Exam 1

Pathology definiton

The study of diseases that can cause abnormalities in the structure or function of various organ systems

What are the most common form of injuries?

A. Trauma

B. Infection

C. Vascular

D. Hereditary

E. Metabolic process

F. All of the above

F. All of the above

Signs Definition

The measurable or objective manifestations of the disease process

Symptoms definition

The subjective manifestations that are not measurable only observable. What the patient feels and describes

What are the five signs of inflammation?

a. Rubor, Calor, Tumor,and Dolor

b. Redness, Heat, Swelling, Pain

c. Pus, Heat, Swelling, Pain

d. A and B

d. A and B

Edema definition

The accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities

What are the two most common forms of Infarct?

a. Myocardial and Venous

b. Venous and Pulmonary

c. Myocardial and Pulmonary

d. Pulmonary and Lymphatic

c. Myocardial and Pulmonary

Hemorrhage definition

Rupture of a blood vessel. May be external or internal

Hereditary definition

Diseases that are passed from one generation to the next through the genetic information

AIDS definition

Profound and sustained impairment of cellular immunity that results in recurrent or sequential opportunistic infections and kaposi sarcoma

Asymptomatic defintion

Describing a patient who shows no evidence of disease

Diagnosis Defintion

The precise disease affecting the patient

Etiology Definition

The study of disease causes

Idiopathic definition

Describing disease condition with an unknown cause

Prognosis definition

The expected outcome for a given patient

Syndrome defintion

A combination of symptoms, signs, and disease processes that commonly occur together and are related to a single cause

Iatrogenic definition

Result from the activity of diagnosis or treatment by medical personel

Nosocomial infection defintion

Infections that develop at a hospital or acute care facility

Destructive disease definition

Disease processes that breakdown or thin tissues, reducing density and making areas appear smaller or less opaque

Additive disease definition

Disease process that increase tissue density, thickness, or mass, causing greater x-ray absorption (attenuation) and appearing as lighter or whiter areas on images

Inflammation defintion

Initial response of body tissue to local injury

Granulation tissue definition

Fibrous scar replaces destroyed tissue (causes scaring)

Pyogenic bladder definition

Thick, yellow pus of dead white blood cells

Abscess definition

Localized, usually encapsulated, collection of fluid (pus)

Bacteremia definition

Potential involvement of other organs and tissues in the body by organisms invading the blood cells

Anasarca definition

Generalized edema that occurs with pronounced swelling of subcutaneous tissues throughout the body (mostly in cancer patients)

Elephantitis Definition

Localized lymphatic obstruction resulting in localized edema

Ischemia definition

Interference of blood supply to an organ; depriving the organ cells and tissues from oxygen and nutrients (Caused by infarct)

Infarct definition

Localized area of ischemic necrosis; produced by occlusion of either arterial or venous supply

Hematoma definition

Accumulation of blood trapped within the body tissues (bruise)

Atrophy definition

Reduction in the size or number of cells in an organ tissue, with a corresponding decrease in function

Hypertrophy definition

Increase in the size of the cells of a tissue or organ in response to a demand for increased function

Dysplasia definition

Loss of uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation

Neoplasia definition

Ungoverned abnormal proliferation of cells

Oncology defintion

Study of neoplasms (tumors)

Benign definition

Growth that closely resembles the cells of origin in structure and function

Malignant definition

Neoplastic growth that invades and destroys adjacent structures

Carcinoma defintion

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin

Sarcoma definition

Highly malignant tumor originating from connective tissue

Direct spread and seeding defintion

Occurs when the tumor invades an adjacent organ or when neoplasms invade a natural body cavity

Lymphatic spread defintion

The major metastatic route of carcinomas, especially those of the lung and breast

Hematogenous spread definition

Spread by the bloodstream

Grading defintion

Assessment of malignant tumors to determine their degree of aggressiveness or malignancy

Staging definition

Determination of the amount of spread and neoplasm, necessary to select appropriate therapy and to predict the future course of a disease

Epidemiology definition

A study compiled for a specific disease in a given population to determine the type of neoplastic involvement

Morbidity definition

The rate that an illness or abnormality occurs

Mortality defition

The statistically expected death rate calculated by reviewing the population involved

Autosomes defintion

44 chromosomes other than X and Y

Dominant gene definition

A gene that produces its effect whether the individual is homozygous or heterozygous

Homozygous

Two identical copies of a gene

Heterozygous definition

Having two different copies of a gene

Recessive gene definition

A gene expressed only when an individual is homozygous for the trait

Mutations definition

Alterations in the DNA structure that may become permanent hereditary changes

Antibodies definition

Immunoglobulins responding to antigens to make them harmless

Immune definition

Protected against antigens; antibodies bind to make them harmless

Active immunity definition

Forming antibodies to counteract an antigen by way of vaccine or toxoid

Vaccine definition

Contains low dose of dead or deactivated microorganisms (bacteria or viruses) to form antibodies

Toxoid definition

Chemically altered toxin, the poisonous material produced by a pathogenic organisms. Treated toxin with antigenic power to produce immunity by creating antibodies

Anaphylactic reactions definition

Hypersensitive reaction involving histamine release. Characterized by hypotension, vascular collapse, and hives

Standard precautions definition

Protections used when delivering healthcare services to any person. Gloves, and eyewear

Personal protective equipment definition

Aids in preventing the spread of micoorganisms to the patient and the healthcare worker. Gown, gloves, masks, shoe covers, and eye protection

Transmission based precautions defintion

Additional protective equipment that should be used for persons with highly infectious pathogens transmissible by contact, droplet, or airborne

Ultrasound definition

High-frequency sound waves to create detailed images of internal body structures allowing pregnancy monitoring, guide procedures, and examine organs like the heart, liver, and blood vessels

Hyperechoic definition

A tissue or structure reflects more soundwaves back appearing brighter or whiter compared to surrounding tissues. indicates echogenicity due to denser tissues like bone, fat, or calcification (muscles with more water content)

Anechoic defintion

Structures appear completely black on the screen because they reflect no sound waves back to the transducer

Isoechoic definition

A tissue or lesion that has the same brightness (echogenicity) as the surrounding structures, reflecting the same amount of sound waves, making it appear as the same shade of grey and difficult to distinguish from normal tissue

MIP (Maximum intensity projections

a 3D visualization technique that creates a single 2D image from data by showing only the brightest/highest intensity

Minimum intensity projections

a 3D visualization technique that creates a single 2D image from data by showing only the darkest/lowest intensity

Volume rendering 3D

A technique to visualize 3D data by directly mapping each tiny data point to color or transparency

Magnetic resonance imaging

Non-invasive medical imaging that uses powerful magnets, radiowaves, and a computer to generate 3D pictures of the body without using radiation

Radio frequency pulse sequence definiton

A times series of RF bursts and magnetic gradient pulses used in MRI to manipulate anatomic spins and excite them to create detailed images

T1 Weighted definiton

Highlights fat brightly and water/fluid appears dark

T2 weighted images definition

making water and fluid appear bright and fat dark

Radiopharmaceutical defintion

Radioactive drug that combines radionuclide and pharmaceuticals that is administered to a patient so it will localize to a specific organ or tissue for imaging

Radionuclide defintion

An unstable (radioactive) form of an element that emits radiation as it decays

Collimator in Nuc med defintion

A lead plate with many tiny holes placed in front of the gamma camera that allows only gamma rays traveling in a certain direction to reach the detector

SPECT definition

An imaging technique that uses a rotating camera to create 3D images of radiopharmaceuticals in the body

Hot spot nuc med definition

Area with increased radiopharmaceutical uptake appears bright

Cold spot nuc med defintion

An area with decreased or absent radiopharmaceutical uptake appears dark

Annihilation defintion

The combination of a positron and electron

PET imaging uses what kind of machines

two gamma cameras

PET images definitions

Three planes of colored images that demonstrate a biological map

Fusion imaging definition

Imaging technique used to combine scans from different modalities to provide a more comprehensive understanding of anatomy and pathology allowing for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning

Integrated imaging definition

Medical approach that merges various imaging techniques to obtain both functional and anatomical information in a single scan. Ex. PET/CT

Direct fusion/hybrid defintion

Equipment for PET/CT, PET/MRI, and SPECT/CT. Exams completed simultaneously

ET tube definition

Tube inserted through the mouth into the trachea. Survival rate is about 60-80%, but 50% are at risk for long term effects like swallowing, breathing, and speaking difficulties

Swan-Ganz Definition

Thin tube inserted to the right side of the heart and pulmonary artery to continuously monitor pressure and blood flow. Indications are heart failure, cardiogenic shock, pulmonary hypertension

Central venous catheter definition

Thin is tube inserted into a large vein that threads into a larger vein like vena cava for long term venous access

PICC stands for

Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter

PICC definition

Enters the brachial vein and enters SVC. Can be used for long term meds and chemo

Transverse Cardiac Pacemaker definition

Invasive procedure to treat profound symptomatic bradycardia. Pace wire inserted through a vein directly into the heart to regulate rhythm. Indications: Unstable or low heart rate, fainting, chest pain. Survival is 10 years.

Croup definition

Viral infection that spreads to children. Inflammatory obstructive swelling localized to the subglottic portion of the trachea. Stridor is common. Appears as tappered narrowing of the esophagus

Epiglottitis definition

Caused by flu, thickening of the epiglottis tissue and surrounding structures. Signs: Sore throat, fever, drooling, difficulty swallowing. Appears as a rounded thickening of epiglottis tissue. Can be life threatening

Cystic Fibrosis definition

Hereditary disease, excessive mucous by all exocrine glands. prodices appearance similar to chronic lung disease, CT most commonly used, antibiotics and therapy used to treat

Hyaline Membrane Disease defintion

AKA idiopathic respiratory distress, most common respiratory distress in newborns. Surfactant deficiency from cell immaturity. Lungs appear underrated, but grainy. Surfactant can be given to treat

Alveolar Pneumonia definition

Infection that fills alveoli with pus, fluid, and cellular debris. Usually involves an entire lobe of the lung. Symptoms are high fever, productive cough, chest pain, SOB. Appears as Homogenous consolidation in one lobe with air bronchograms present. Treatments are Antibiotics, O2 therapy

Bronchial pneumonia definition

Infection starts within the bronchi/bronchioles and spreads into surrounding alveoli. Can be patchy and multilobular. Signs are cough with sputum, low fever, SOB, wheezing and lethargy. Appears patchy, scattered opacities can be bilateral and basilar. Treatment could be antibiotics, supportive care

Interstitial Pneumonia definition

Infection/inflammation primarily of the lung interstitium (alveolar walls and connective tissue) Signs are dry cough, low fever, fatigue, SOB. Appears reticular or ground glass pattern, diffuse linear markings

Aspiration pneumonia definition

Occurs when foreign material (food, liquid, vomit) are in the lung causing infection/inflammation. Signs: Cough after choking, fever, foul-smelling breath, SOB, discomfort. Appear as dependent lung segment capacities, usually in right lower lobe, patchy. Treatment: antibiotics, airway protection

Lung abscess definition

Necrotic area of pulmonary parenchyma containing pus. Aspiration is common cause and creates an opening into the airway that can expand the extent of the infection. Most common in the right lung. Appears Encapsulated opaque mass with air-fluid level