CSI chapter 1 review

The application of science to law describes ___ ___

forensic science

The Spaniard published the first writings about the detection of poisons and the effects of poisons on animals, and he is considered the "founder of forensic toxicology."

Mathieu Orfila

A system of personal identification using a series of bodily measurements was first devised by , and he called it .

Alphonse Bertillon, anthropometry

The fictional exploits of __ excited the imagination of an emerging generation of forensic scientists and criminal investigators.

Sherlock Holmes

One of the first functional crime laboratories was formed in Lyons, France, in 1910 under the direction of _ , who developed _ , a theory stating that there is mutual transfer of material when two objects make contact with each other.

Edmond Locard, Locard's exchange principle

The application of science to criminal investigation was advocated by the Austrian magistrate __ .

Hans Gross

True or False: The important advancement in the fields of blood typing and document examination were made in the early part of the twentieth century.

true

The Italian scientist devised the first workable procedure for typing dried bloodstains.

Dr. Leone Lattes

Early efforts at applying scientific principles to document examination are associated with who?

Albert S. Osborn

The first DNA profiling test was developed by in 1984, and it was first used in 1986 to identify the murderer of two young English girls.

Sir Alec Jeffreys

True or False: Computerized databases exist for fingerprints, bullets, cartridge cases, and DNA.

true

The first forensic laboratory in the United States was created in 1923 by the ___Police Department.

Los Angeles

Although no national system of forensic laboratories exists in the United States, the state of __ is an excellent example of a geographical area in the United States that has created a system of integrated regional and satellite laboratories.

California

A decentralized system of crime laboratories currently exists in the United States under the auspices of various governmental agencies at the , __ , ___ ,and ___ levels of government.

federal, state, country, municipal

In contrast to the United States, Britain has a crime laboratory system characterized by a national system of laboratories.

regional

Four important federal agencies offering forensic services are _ , , ___ , _ and .

the FBI (federal bureau of investigation), the DEA (drug enforcement administration), the laboratories of the bureau of alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and explosives and the U.S. postal inspection service

The application of chemistry, physics, and geology to the identification and comparison of crime-scene evidence is the function of the _ unit of a crime laboratory.

physical

The examination of blood, hairs, fibers, and botanical materials is conducted in the unit of a __ crime laboratory.

biology

The examination of bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells, and ammunition of all types is the responsibility of the unit.

firearms

The study of handwriting and typewriting on questioned documents is carried out by the _ _ unit to ascertain authenticity and/or source.

document examination

The examination of body fluids and organs for drugs and poisons is a function of the unit.

toxicology

The _ ____ ____ unit dispatches trained personnel to the scene of a crime to retrieve evidence for laboratory examination.

CSI (crime-scene investigation)

True or False: Special forensic science services available to the law enforcement community include forensic pathology, forensic anthropology, and forensic astronomy.

false

The "general acceptance" principle, which serves as a criterion for the judicial admissibility of scientific evidence, was set forth in the case of __ .

frye v. united states

In the case of _ _ __ __ __ , the Supreme Court ruled that, in assessing the admissibility of new and unique scientific tests, the trial judge did not have to rely solely on the concept of "general acceptance."

daubert v. merrell dow pharmaceuticals, inc.

True or False: The U.S. Supreme Court decision in Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael restricted the "gatekeeping" role of a trial judge to scientific testimony only.

false

A Florida case that exemplifies the flexibility and wide discretion that the trial judge has in matters of scientific inquiry is _ __ .

coppolino v. state

A(n) ___ is a person who can demonstrate a particular skill or has knowledge in a trade or profession that will help the court determine the truth of the matter at issue.

expert witness

True or False: The expert witness's courtroom demeanor may play an important role in deciding what weight the court will assign to the expert's testimony.

true

True or False: The testimony of an expert witness incorporates the expert's personal opinion relating to a matter they have either studied or examined.

true

True or False: In 2004, the U.S. Supreme Court addressed issues relating to the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment in the case of Crawford v. Washington.

true

The 2009 U.S. Supreme Court decision addressed the practice of using affidavits in lieu of in-person testimony by forensic examiners.

melendez-diaz v. massachisetts

The ability of the investigator to recognize and collect crime-scene evidence properly depends on the amount of received from the crime laboratory.

training