hormones test

GH

Growth hormone

Where is GH released from?

The anterior pituitary gland

What cells does GH target?

Bone, muscle, and adipose tissue

What is the purpose of GH?

To promote growth, move amino acids through membranes, and increase cell size and rate of division

Which hormone stimulates the release of GH?

GHRH

What does GHRH stand for?

Growth hormone releasing hormone

Which hormone inhibits the release of GH?

SS

What does SS stand for?

Somatostatin

Where are GHRH and SS released from?

The hypothalamus

PRL

Prolactin

Where is PRL released from?

Anterior pituitary gland

What cells does PRL target?

Mammary glands

What is the purpose of PRL?

To stimulate milk production in women following childbirth and amplify the production of LH in men

Which hormone stimulates the production of PRL?

PRF

What does PRF stand for?

Prolactin releasing factor

Which hormone inhibits the release of PRL?

PIH

What does PIH stand for?

Prolactin inhibiting hormone

Where are PIH and PRF released from?

The hypothalamus

TSH

Thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)

Where does TSH go once it is released?

Through the bloodstream directly to the thyroid gland (located in the front of the neck, below the larynx)

Where is TSH released from?

The anterior pituitary gland

What does TSH do once it has reached the target cells (the thyroid gland)?

It binds to TSH receptor cells, signaling them to start producing thyroid hormones T3 and T4

T3

Triiodothyronine

T4

Thyroxine

What is the purpose of T3 and T4?

Boosts the energy released from carbs (by increasing basal metabolic rate), increases protein synthesis, and stimulates nerves

Which hormone stimulates the release of TSH?

TRH

What does TRH stand for?

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

ACTH

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin)

Where is ACTH released from?

The anterior pituitary gland

Where does ACTH go once released?

Travels through the bloodstream directly into the adrenal cortex (located on top of the kidneys)

What does ACTH do once it reaches the adrenal cortex?

It binds to specific receptors to signal the production of cortisol ("stress hormone")

What does cortisol do?

Decreases rate of protein synthesis, increases the release of fatty acids, and stimulates glucose synthesis

Why/when is cortisol released?

Cortisol is released as part of your body's "fight or flight" stress response to increase glucose, energy, and blood pressure

Which hormone stimulates the release of ACTH?

CRH

What does CRH stand for?

Corticotropin releasing hormone

LH

Luteinizing hormone

Where is LH released from?

Anterior pituitary gland

Which hormone stimulates the release of FSH and LH?

GnRH

What does GnRH stand for?

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

Where is GnRH released from?

The hypothalamus

FSH

Follicle stimulating hormone

Where is FSH released from?

The anterior pituitary gland

Once released, where do FSH and LH go?

Through the bloodstream directly to the gonads

What does LH cause to happen?

Signals ovaries and testes to produce sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone) and triggers ovulation in women

What does FSH cause to happen?

In men, stimulates production of sperm; in women, causes development of follicles and secretion of estrogen

ADH

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

Where is ADH released from?

The posterior pituitary gland

Where does ADH go once released?

Targets the kidneys

What does ADH cause?

Reduces H2O excretion and, at high concentrations, causes vasoconstriction to help raise blood pressure

OT

Oxytocin

What does OT target once released?

Receptors in the uterine wall muscles and mammary glands

What does OT cause?

Causes contractions during childbirth and milk secretion after childbirth

Where is OT released from?

The posterior pituitary gland

CT

Calcitonin

Where is CT released from?

The thyroid gland

When/why is CT released?

When blood calcium levels are too high

What does calcitonin cause?

Lowers blood calcium levels by increasing excretion in kidneys and stimulates osteoblasts

PTH

Parathyroid hormone (parathormone)

Where is PTH released from?

The parathyroids

When/why is PTH released?

When blood calcium levels are too low

What does PTH cause?

Raises blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and signaling kidneys to conserve calcium

ALD

Aldosterone

Where is aldosterone released from?

The adrenal cortex

When/why is aldosterone released?

Influenced by low blood pressure, high potassium, or low sodium levels

What does ALD cause?

Causes kidneys to retain sodium and water while excreting potassium

Androgens

Group of male sex hormones

Where are androgens released from?

The adrenal cortex

GCG

Glucagon

Where is GCG released from?

Alpha cells in the pancreas

What does GCG cause?

Signals liver to break down glycogen to raise blood glucose, promotes fat breakdown

When is GCG released?

When blood glucose levels are low

Insulin

Insulin

Where is insulin released from?

Beta cells in the pancreas

What does insulin cause?

Lowers blood glucose by increasing synthesis of proteins and fats, moves glucose into cells

When is insulin released?

When blood glucose levels are too high

Somatostatin

SS

Which cells in the pancreas release SS?

Delta cells

What does SS do in the pancreas?

Helps regulate carbohydrates

EPI

Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

NE

Norepinephrine

Where are NE and EPI released from?

Adrenal medulla

What does EPI do?

Increases heart rate, vasodilation, cardiac output, airway dilation, activates brainstem reticular formation, raises blood sugar, increases metabolic rate

What does NE do?

Increases heart rate, vasoconstriction, increases systemic blood pressure, minor airway dilation, minor metabolic rate increase

Calcitriol

Calcitriol

Where is calcitriol synthesized/produced?

The skin

Where does calcitriol go once released?

Circulates to the intestines

What does calcitriol regulate?

Calcium and phosphate levels

MLT

Melatonin

Where is MLT released from?

The pineal gland

What is the purpose of melatonin?

Signals night time, regulates circadian rhythm

Thymosins

Ta1 and Tb4

Where are thymosins released from?

Thymus

What is the purpose of thymosins?

Promote development of lymphocytes, crucial for immune system development

E

Estrogens

Where are estrogens released from?

Ovaries

P4

Progesterone

Where is P4 released from?

Ovaries

What is the purpose of estrogen and progesterone?

Regulate menstrual cycle, support pregnancy, overall reproductive health

T

Testosterone

Where is T released from?

Testes