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52 Terms
1
What is the function of a Carbohydrate?
Short term energy storage
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2
What is the function of a Lipid?
Long Term Energy storage
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3
What is the function of a Protein?
Structure, regulations cell functions, enzymes
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4
What is the function of a Nucleic Acid?
Stores Genetic Information
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5
What are carbs made of?
Monosaccharides (CHO)
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6
What are lipids made of?
Fatty Acids (CHO)
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7
What are proteins made of?
Amino Acids (CHON)
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8
What are nucleic acids made of?
Nucleotides (CHONP)
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9
What is a condensation reaction?
When two molecules come together to produce a larger molecule and water
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10
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
When 2 molecules are split apart using water.
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11
What are monosaccharides classified by?
The number of carbons they have (ex. Triose = C3)
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12
What are fatty acids capped with?
A carboxyl group (-COOH), and a methyl group (-CH3)
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13
What are saturated fatty acids?
No double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain
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14
What are monounsaturated fatty acids?
1 double bond in the hydrocarbon chain
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15
What are polyunsaturated fatty acids?
multiple double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain
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16
Hydrogenation
The process of adding hydrogen to polyunsaturated fats - straightens out natural shape
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17
Triglyceride
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
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18
BMI (Body Mass Index)
Weight (kg) / Height (m^2)
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19
Polypeptide strands
Make up proteins - many amino acids put together linked by polypeptide chains
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20
Peptide Bonds
Link together amino acids
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21
Amino Acid Structure
A carbon bonded to one Amino group (-NH2), One carboxyl group (-COOH) and one hydrogen and a side chain
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22
Side Chain
determines the amino acid
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23
Primary structure
Amino Acids - is determined by DNA
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24
Secondary Structure
The a (alpha) Helix - determined by the interactions of the amino acid base
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25
Tertiary Structure
Polypeptide Chains - Determined by the interactions of the side chain
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26
Quaternary Structure
Complex of protein molecule - determined by the interactions between the tertiary structures
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27
Protein Denaturation
When temperature or pH fluctuate, the intramolecular bonds weaken and the protein can unfold - primary structure stays in tact
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28
Enzyme
Speed up reactions - activation energy needed for the reaction is lowered. Active site and substrate - lock and key
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29
Temperature vs. Enzyme
As temperature increases so does kinetic energy (speed) till optimal temperature is reached. Then it denatures
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30
pH vs. Enzyme
Climbs, reaches peak at optimal pH, falls
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31
Substrate Concentration vs. Enzyme
Enzymes become so busy, that at one point adding more substrate will not increase the speed of the reaction
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32
What was the 1952 Hershey-Chase experiment?
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase devised an experiment to find out what created genetic information or where it was stored (Proteins vs DNA). Created 2 viruses, 1 with radioactive Phosphorus, and the other with radioactive Sulfur, and they were made to infect e coli cells. The infected cells had radioactive phosphorus in their DNA, but no radioactive sulfur in their proteins.
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33
How did the Phosphorus get into the DNA in the Hershey-Chase experiment?
Bacterial Transformation - Bacterial transformation is the process by which a bacterium can get and use new genetic material from its surroundings.
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34
What is DNA made of?
Deoxyribose (pentose sugar) - Phosphate Group, and Nitrogenous base bonded to the deoxyribose. AKA a nucleotide
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35
What is DNA Linked by?
Phosphodiester bonds created by a condensation reaction between the hydrogen and the hydroxyl group. Produces water for each bond.
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36
Adenine and Guanine
Double-Ring structures called purines
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37
Cytosine and Guanine
Single-Ring structures called pyrimidines
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38
DNA Packaging
DNA is contained in nucleosomes, which contain 2 set of 4 different histones (proteins). DNA wraps around these 4 histones.
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39
Protein Coding Genes
Less than 2% of all DNA is used to code genes (physical)
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40
Genome
Genetic Code that every species has. Each person has different alleles making them unique.
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41
Proteome
Genetic code used in protein synthesis. Each person is said to have their own unique set that they are capable of synthesising.
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42
Maltose
Glucose and Glucose
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43
Cis Bonds
Same element bonded on the same side
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44
Trans Bonds
Same element bonded on different sides
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45
Carboxyl Group
\-COOH
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46
Alcohol/Hydroxyl Group
\-OH
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47
Amine Group
\-NH2
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48
Methyl Group
\-CH3
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49
How do polymers of carbohydrates form?
2 monosaccharides com together with a condensation reaction, and connect via their hydroxyl groups
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50
How do polymers of lipids form?
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol come together with a condensation reaction and connect via the fatty acid´s carboxyl group and the glycerol´s hydroxyl group
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51
How do polymers of proteins form?
2 amino acids come together with a condensation reaction and connect via one´s carboxyl group and one´s amine group
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52
How do polymers of nucleic acids form?
2 nucleotides come together with a condensation reaction and connect via one´s hydroxyl group and one´s phosphate group
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