IB Biology - Macromolecules

What is the function of a Carbohydrate?

Short term energy storage

What is the function of a Lipid?

Long Term Energy storage

What is the function of a Protein?

Structure, regulations cell functions, enzymes

What is the function of a Nucleic Acid?

Stores Genetic Information

What are carbs made of?

Monosaccharides (CHO)

What are lipids made of?

Fatty Acids (CHO)

What are proteins made of?

Amino Acids (CHON)

What are nucleic acids made of?

Nucleotides (CHONP)

What is a condensation reaction?

When two molecules come together to produce a larger molecule and water

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

When 2 molecules are split apart using water.

What are monosaccharides classified by?

The number of carbons they have (ex. Triose = C3)

What are fatty acids capped with?

A carboxyl group (-COOH), and a methyl group (-CH3)

What are saturated fatty acids?

No double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

What are monounsaturated fatty acids?

1 double bond in the hydrocarbon chain

What are polyunsaturated fatty acids?

multiple double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

Hydrogenation

The process of adding hydrogen to polyunsaturated fats - straightens out natural shape

Triglyceride

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

BMI (Body Mass Index)

Weight (kg) / Height (m^2)

Polypeptide strands

Make up proteins - many amino acids put together linked by polypeptide chains

Peptide Bonds

Link together amino acids

Amino Acid Structure

A carbon bonded to one Amino group (-NH2), One carboxyl group (-COOH) and one hydrogen and a side chain

Side Chain

determines the amino acid

Primary structure

Amino Acids - is determined by DNA

Secondary Structure

The a (alpha) Helix - determined by the interactions of the amino acid base

Tertiary Structure

Polypeptide Chains - Determined by the interactions of the side chain

Quaternary Structure

Complex of protein molecule - determined by the interactions between the tertiary structures

Protein Denaturation

When temperature or pH fluctuate, the intramolecular bonds weaken and the protein can unfold - primary structure stays in tact

Enzyme

Speed up reactions - activation energy needed for the reaction is lowered. Active site and substrate - lock and key

Temperature vs. Enzyme

As temperature increases so does kinetic energy (speed) till optimal temperature is reached. Then it denatures

pH vs. Enzyme

Climbs, reaches peak at optimal pH, falls

Substrate Concentration vs. Enzyme

Enzymes become so busy, that at one point adding more substrate will not increase the speed of the reaction

What was the 1952 Hershey-Chase experiment?

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase devised an experiment to find out what created genetic information or where it was stored (Proteins vs DNA). Created 2 viruses, 1 with radioactive Phosphorus, and the other with radioactive Sulfur, and they were made to infect e coli cells. The infected cells had radioactive phosphorus in their DNA, but no radioactive sulfur in their proteins.

How did the Phosphorus get into the DNA in the Hershey-Chase experiment?

Bacterial Transformation - Bacterial transformation is the process by which a bacterium can get and use new genetic material from its surroundings.

What is DNA made of?

Deoxyribose (pentose sugar) - Phosphate Group, and Nitrogenous base bonded to the deoxyribose. AKA a nucleotide

What is DNA Linked by?

Phosphodiester bonds created by a condensation reaction between the hydrogen and the hydroxyl group. Produces water for each bond.

Adenine and Guanine

Double-Ring structures called purines

Cytosine and Guanine

Single-Ring structures called pyrimidines

DNA Packaging

DNA is contained in nucleosomes, which contain 2 set of 4 different histones (proteins). DNA wraps around these 4 histones.

Protein Coding Genes

Less than 2% of all DNA is used to code genes (physical)

Genome

Genetic Code that every species has. Each person has different alleles making them unique.

Proteome

Genetic code used in protein synthesis. Each person is said to have their own unique set that they are capable of synthesising.

Maltose

Glucose and Glucose

Cis Bonds

Same element bonded on the same side

Trans Bonds

Same element bonded on different sides

Carboxyl Group

\-COOH

Alcohol/Hydroxyl Group

\-OH

Amine Group

\-NH2

Methyl Group

\-CH3

How do polymers of carbohydrates form?

2 monosaccharides com together with a condensation reaction, and connect via their hydroxyl groups

How do polymers of lipids form?

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol come together with a condensation reaction and connect via the fatty acid´s carboxyl group and the glycerol´s hydroxyl group

How do polymers of proteins form?

2 amino acids come together with a condensation reaction and connect via one´s carboxyl group and one´s amine group

How do polymers of nucleic acids form?

2 nucleotides come together with a condensation reaction and connect via one´s hydroxyl group and one´s phosphate group