Philosophy #2

Which branch of philosophy studies questions of right and wrong moral actions?

Ethics

What is the study of the question of whether there is such a thing as an absolute (or objective) right and wrong moral choice?

Metaethics

What is moral relativism?

The claim that there are no moral absolutes

If someone believes in moral progress, can they be a moral relativist?

No

What is the claim that there are objective and absolute moral values that are true for all people, regardless of circumstances?

Moral subjectivism

How do moral intuitions provide a good argument for moral universalism?

We generally believe that a good society is preferable to a bad one

Which ethical theory says that moral obligations come from God's commands?

Divine command theory

What is a theological problem with the divine command theory?

God has set us free from the law, and the Pharisees followed the law perfectly

Which ethical theory says the results of an action determine whether or not it is a good or evil action?

Consequentialism

What are some problems with consequentialism?

This view could be used to justify some immoral actions, This view fails to account for what results we should look for to determine right and wrong. This view overemphasizes the goodness of pleasure

Which ethical theory says the outcome of an action is irrelevant for determining whether it was right or wrong and that, instead, we are to follow certain universal rules?

Duty/deontological ethics

What are some problems discussed in class with the above view? Pick all that apply:

This view would justify some immoral actions; it only tells us what not to do, rather than what to do. This view overemphasizes universal rules rather than unique situations. This view cannot account for why murder is wrong

Which psychological theory states that humans make moral decision based off of their emotional reaction to six key areas?

Moral foundations theory

Which moral theory says that actions are not inherently good or bad but that people are?

Virtue Ethics

Which of the following moral theories did we say Scripture supported?

Virtue ethics

Who developed natural law theory?

Thomas Aquinas

According to a Christian version of natural law theory (as discussed in class), how do we discover the true nature of humanity

We see it in Christ

What are the three reasons given in class why knowing virtue ethics and natural law theory matters?

It tells us that who you are becoming, not your actions, is what matters most in ethics. It gives us a moral framework for explaining why certain things are wrong without just appealing to Scripture. It points us to Christ as the only source of our true identity

What is the philosophical investigation of questions related to beauty?

Aesthetics

Beauty is a purely physical trait

False

Which view says that beauty is a real aspect of the world and not just in the "eye of the beholder"? 

Aesthetic realism

Which view says that beauty is merely a word we use for anything that gives us pleasure?

Aesthetic subjectivism

Which philosophical position argues for aesthetic subjectivism?

Postmodern

Which thinker argued that female beauty standards are a form of social control?

Simone de Beauvoir

What is the best definition of science that we gave in class?

The systematic investigation of the world through empirical observation.

What is the name given to the problem of distinguishing between science and pseudoscience?

The demarcation problem

What view says that a claim is scientific only if it can be shown to be wrong?

Falsificationism

Which philosopher is most associated with falsificationism?

Karl Popper

What is verificationism?

The claim that a statement is only scientific if can, potentially, be proved by science

Is science objective?

No

Who invented the idea of a paradigm shift?

Thomas Kuhn

What is a paradigm shift?

A radical shift in the worldview paradigm of the scientific community

Which philosopher argued against the idea that science had any established definition or method?

Paul Feyerabend

What is the view that states that science, to some degree, doesn't tell us the truth about the world but merely provides a framework for interpreting it?

Scientific antirealism

Should Christians be antirealists?

No

What are the three reasons I gave why Christians should care about political philosophy?

We are all political figures, The Church Is Not Separate from the State, The church is already political but not always in the best way

Who invented the idea of a philosopher king?

Plato

What is a philosopher king?

A person highly educated in philosophy with unlimited power to promote the will of the people.

Which political philosophy emphasizes individual freedoms, rights, democracy, free markets, and a limited government?

Liberalism

Which political philosophy promotes tradition, social stability, and heirarchy?

Conservatism

Which political philosophy is normally ultranationalist, authoritarian, and militaristic?

Fascism

Which political philosophy envisions a classless, stateless society free of private property, the profit incentive, and religion?

Marxism/communism

True or false: The concept of human rights goes back to ancient philosophy

False

Which two philosophers developed the idea of human rights?

Hugo Grotius and John Locke

True or false: Historically, rights were developed out of a certain theology

True

My take in class was that we should ask less about human rights and more about a shared set of human ___________.

responsibilities

What type of freedom is the freedom from interference

Negative

Which philosopher did we associate with negative freedom?

John Locke

What type of freedom is freedom to accomplish my purposes?

Positive

Which two philosophers did we associate with freedom to accomplish my purposes?

Thomas Hobbes, Karl Marx

True or False: Negative and positive freedom complement and never contradict one another.

False

Which thinker said that those in power define freedom in a way that suits their agenda?

Michel Foucault

What is a Christian definition of freedom?

Sin; a higher purpose and joy

Who was the founder of classical economics?

Adam Smith

What is the name for the "force" that drives markets (if they are left alone) in order to distribute resources well among people?

The Invisible Hand of the Market

Which theory of value states that something's value is based on the amount of labor that went into it?

Objective theory

Which economic system promotes private ownership and for-profit companies?

Capitalism

Which economic system supports government/collective ownership of the means of production?

Socialism

What is an extreme form of socialism?

Corporatism

What is an extreme form of socialism?

Corporatism