5.21 Early Modernism

  • Major phase of avant-garde music took place in ^^Paris and Vienna^^ around ^^1890-1914^^
  • Leading figures were ^^Igor Stravinsky^^ and ^^Arnold Schoenberg^^
  • ^^Rapid development^^ in all arts
  • 19th century musical ideas were “under attack”
  • Large ^^revolution^^ especially in tonality, also melody and harmony

Debussy and Impressionism

  • Claude Debussy is right ^^in between^^ late 19th century and early 20th century styles
    • New ^^tone colors^^ and rich ^^harmonies^^ are similar to Romanticism
    • Tone colors ^^avoid “heavy sonorities”^^ (different from romantic) and are “subtle” and “mysterious”
    • Fragmentary/tentative melodies/motives
    • Vague harmonies
    • Tonality often ^^clouded^^
  • Gustav Mahler had more ^^contrapuntal^^ orchestra

Clouds, from Three Nocturnes (1899)

  • Debussy’s ^^Three Nocturnes^^ is reminiscent of ^^impressionist symphonic poems^^
  • Clouds is the least “nocturnal” of the collection
    • Others are Festivals and Sirens
  • Begins w/ quiet woodwind chords (suggesting clouds), then an English horn motive (octatonic scale), then parallel chords (same structure in chords, parallel pitches)
  • Approximate ^^ABA’^^ form

Stravinsky: The Primacy of Rhythm

  • ^^Igor Stravinsky^^ was taught by Russian nationalist composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
  • Wrote 3 ballet scores for the ^^Ballets Russes^^ (Russian Ballet) in Paris
    • Stravinsky used his quickly developed “powerful, hard-edged” avant-garde style
    • More abstract use of folk tunes
  • First ballet is ^^The Firebird^^ (1910)
    • Romantic fairy tale
    • Magical Firebird, ogre Kastchei, and Prince Ivan Tsarevitch
    • Half-Asian setting
    • “Beautifully colored” folk music
  • Next is ^^Petrushka^^ (1911)
    • Mardi Gras in St. Petersburg
    • About a carnival baker and his puppet
    • Satirical?
  • ^^The Rite of Spring^^ (1913)
    • “Bold” and “brutal”
    • Uses Russian folk music
    • Repeated, fragmentary motives
    • Imagines fertility cults of prehistoric Slavic tribes

Claude Debussy (1862-1918) Biography

  • Debussy entered the strict ^^Paris Conservatory of Music^^ at 10
    • Great in ^^theory and composition^^
    • Not so great in piano
    • Awarded the coveted ^^Grand Prix^^ (top prize; 3-year fellowship to study in Rome)
  • Worked with Madame von Meck (“eccentric” patron of Tchaikovsky)
  • Influenced by Russian music and the Indonesian gamelan
  • Rejected previous influence of French symbolist poets and impressionist painters
  • Also ^^rejected Wagner and German^^ music despite their influence due to his time in Bayreuth
  • Famous for innovations in ^^orchestration^^ and piano writing
  • Impressive ^^preludes and etudes for piano^^ (miniatures)
  • Wrote music criticism for a short time
  • Hated Germans
  • Died of cancer in Paris during WWI

The Rite of Spring, Part I, “The Adoration of the Earth” (1913)

  • First performance caused ^^riots^^
  • ^^Violent and dissonant^^ sounding, w/ “provocative choreography”
  • Suggests rape and ritual murder
  • Ballet has ^^no real story^^
    • Stravinsky thought of this as an “abstract concert piece”
  • Second part (“The Sacrifice”) involves a virgin being danced to death
  • Structure:
    • Introduction
    • Omens of Spring and Dance of the Adolescents
    • The Game of Abduction
    • Round Dances of Spring

Expressionism

  • Austrian and German composers still had ^^emotional and complex music^^
    • Exploited extreme states
    • Expressionism
  • Sigmund Freund
  • Influenced by ^^psychoanalytic theory^^
    • Erwartung (Anticipation) is a monologue written by Schoenberg for soprano and orchestra
    • Reasonably dark (dead bodies)
    • Sense of hysteria
  • ^^Schoenberg^^ was the leading expressionist in music
    • Pioneered the “emancipation of dissonance,” “breakdown of tonality,” and serialism
  • ^^Second Viennese school was Schoenberg, Anton Webern, and Alban Berg^^
    • First was Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven

Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) Biography

  • Son of important opera singer
  • Studied ^^law^^ until age 19
  • Studied w/ ^^Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov^^ (kuchka member; nationalist)
    • Helped him write his 3 Ballets Russes ballet scores
  • Composed more b^^allets^^ and other things after WWI
    • Also ^^modeled his music on that of Bach, Handel, and Mozart^^, transforming it w/ his “unique rhythmic and harmonic style” (This style was called ^^Neoclassism^^)
  • Advocate of “^^objectivity^^” in music
    • Rejected Romantic emotionality
  • Died in NYC, buried in Venice

Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire (Moonstruck Pierrot) (1912)

  • Most ^^famous/influential 20th century song cycle^^
  • Poems are by symbolist Albert Giraud
  • Pierrot is the “eternal sad clown”
  • ^^Sprechstimme^^ (speech-song) is an invention of Schoenberg in which sound is not fully organized into pitches
    • “Extreme example” of avant-garde
    • In this case, soprano doesn’t quite sing, doesn’t quite speak (somewhere in between)
  • ^^Soprano and 5 instrumentalists^^
    • 8 instruments
    • 1 person switches between flute and piccolo
    • 1 person switches between clarinet and bass clarinet
    • 1 person switches between violin and viola
    • Cello
    • Piano
    • Not all player in every song (unique accompaniment in each)
  • No. 8: “Night”
    • Voice, piano, bass clarinet, cello
    • “Nightmarish”
    • Vision of “ominous insects”
    • Schoenberg called it a passacaglia (type of Baroque ostinato piece)
    • Mostly Sprechstimme
  • No. 18: “The Moonfleck”
    • Voice, piano, piccolo, clarinet, violin, cello
    • “Dense, dissonant, atonal, and alarmingly intense” introductory piano passage
    • “Nagging bother of an obsession”
    • High-pitched scattered motives

Alban Berg, Wozzeck (1923)

  • Berg was a ^^student of Schoenberg^^

  • Berg began working on Wozzeck during WWI, and completed it in 1923

  • ^^Wagnerian^^, but also similar to Pierrot lunaire

  • Highly intense

  • About Franz Wozzeck, a ^^“low cog” soldier^^

    • Tormented by his captain, the regimental doctor, and visions
    • His lover Marie sleeps w/ a drum major and then beats Wozzeck up when he objects, so he murders her and then drowns himself
  • Act III, Scene ii is the murder scene

    • Followed by a blackout and 2 crescendos
  • Act III, Scene iii

    • Wozzeck drinks w/ Marie’s friend Margret in a tavern
    • Distorted, dissonant ragtime
    • Disjoined, confused, shocking
    • People see blood on his hands and turn on him, he escapes
    • Built on a “master rhythm” w/ slight modifications in different tempos
    • More ostinato
  • Act III, Scene iv

    • Wozzeck returns to the pond (scene of the crime)- he sees blood and goes in the water to wash himself, drowns

Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) Biography

  • Grew up in Vienna
  • Self taught before Alexander von Zemlinsky trained him
  • Wrote music theory books and literary texts for his compositions, also painted in expressionist style (^^versatile^^)
  • Early music was similar to late Romantic
  • Increased ^^chromaticism and atonality^^
    • Met w/ hostility from the public
    • Attracted interest of Mahler and Richard Strauss (students flocked too)
    • His music became more and more atonal
  • ^^Developed twelve-tone (serial) system^^
    • Radical and fruitful
  • Jew forced to leave Germany when the Nazis came to power
    • Moved to LA, become a US citizen
  • ^^Strange^^ personality
  • “First ^^great teacher^^ since Bach”

Schoenberg and Serialism

  • ^^Twelve-tone system^^ was a “method of composing with the twelve tones solely in relation to one another” (according to Schoenberg)
    • Known as ^^serialism^^
    • “Ultimate systematizing of [Romantic] chromaticism”
  • Twelve-tone row or series was an ^^ordered sequence of the 12 pitches^^
    • Schoenberg stuck to using the 12 pitches in a fixed order, w/o repetitions or backtracking before starting over again
    • Any octave
    • Sequence can be presented inverted (backwards, retrograde)
  • Each piece has its own “sound world”

The First American Modernist

The ^^first major modernist composer in the US^^, Charles Ives, amazingly worked in isolation (composed in his spare time). He used mostly ^^American subjects^^ (nationalist). He wrote ^^highly experimental, dissonant music^^ (some was for piano tuned to 1/4 tones instead of 1/2)

Charles Ives (1874-1954) Biography

  • Son of a Civil War military bandmaster and music teacher
    • His dad liked to play 2 tunes simultaneously in different keys for fun? Unconventional guy
  • Church organist as a teenager
  • Went to Yale
    • He thought his professor Horatio Parker had tame, traditional, and unmasculine
    • He wanted to make more ^^experimental and vigorous music^^
  • After graduation, worked in insurance and as a church organist, then later just in business
    • Didn’t try to get his works published or performed
  • He thought that ^^communal joy in music^^ making mattered much more than how a piece sounded
  • Almost gave up music completely later in life
  • He ^^did get to see his music admired^^ by the public at large :)

Second Orchestral Set, Second Movement, “The Rockstrewn Hills Join in the People’s Outdoor Meeting” (1909)

  • Ives wrote ^^4 symphonies^^
  • Has false starts, parts of hymns, irregular rhythms, etc.

The Unanswered Question (1906)

  • Needs 2 conductors
  • Three distinct, independent levels of music
    • Choir w/ consonant harmonies
    • Dissonant woodwinds
    • Trumpet which sounds “like a voice”
    • Strings are also playing ppp throughout w/ no change in tempo
    • ^^NOT traditional polyphony^^ (they don’t fit together at all)