- Major phase of avant-garde music took place in ^^Paris and Vienna^^ around ^^1890-1914^^
- Leading figures were ^^Igor Stravinsky^^ and ^^Arnold Schoenberg^^
- ^^Rapid development^^ in all arts
- 19th century musical ideas were “under attack”
- Large ^^revolution^^ especially in tonality, also melody and harmony
Debussy and Impressionism
- Claude Debussy is right ^^in between^^ late 19th century and early 20th century styles
- New ^^tone colors^^ and rich ^^harmonies^^ are similar to Romanticism
- Tone colors ^^avoid “heavy sonorities”^^ (different from romantic) and are “subtle” and “mysterious”
- Fragmentary/tentative melodies/motives
- Vague harmonies
- Tonality often ^^clouded^^
- Gustav Mahler had more ^^contrapuntal^^ orchestra
Clouds, from Three Nocturnes (1899)
- Debussy’s ^^Three Nocturnes^^ is reminiscent of ^^impressionist symphonic poems^^
- Clouds is the least “nocturnal” of the collection
- Others are Festivals and Sirens
- Begins w/ quiet woodwind chords (suggesting clouds), then an English horn motive (octatonic scale), then parallel chords (same structure in chords, parallel pitches)
- Approximate ^^ABA’^^ form
Stravinsky: The Primacy of Rhythm
- ^^Igor Stravinsky^^ was taught by Russian nationalist composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
- Wrote 3 ballet scores for the ^^Ballets Russes^^ (Russian Ballet) in Paris
- Stravinsky used his quickly developed “powerful, hard-edged” avant-garde style
- More abstract use of folk tunes
- First ballet is ^^The Firebird^^ (1910)
- Romantic fairy tale
- Magical Firebird, ogre Kastchei, and Prince Ivan Tsarevitch
- Half-Asian setting
- “Beautifully colored” folk music
- Next is ^^Petrushka^^ (1911)
- Mardi Gras in St. Petersburg
- About a carnival baker and his puppet
- Satirical?
- ^^The Rite of Spring^^ (1913)
- “Bold” and “brutal”
- Uses Russian folk music
- Repeated, fragmentary motives
- Imagines fertility cults of prehistoric Slavic tribes
Claude Debussy (1862-1918) Biography
- Debussy entered the strict ^^Paris Conservatory of Music^^ at 10
- Great in ^^theory and composition^^
- Not so great in piano
- Awarded the coveted ^^Grand Prix^^ (top prize; 3-year fellowship to study in Rome)
- Worked with Madame von Meck (“eccentric” patron of Tchaikovsky)
- Influenced by Russian music and the Indonesian gamelan
- Rejected previous influence of French symbolist poets and impressionist painters
- Also ^^rejected Wagner and German^^ music despite their influence due to his time in Bayreuth
- Famous for innovations in ^^orchestration^^ and piano writing
- Impressive ^^preludes and etudes for piano^^ (miniatures)
- Wrote music criticism for a short time
- Hated Germans
- Died of cancer in Paris during WWI
The Rite of Spring, Part I, “The Adoration of the Earth” (1913)
- First performance caused ^^riots^^
- ^^Violent and dissonant^^ sounding, w/ “provocative choreography”
- Suggests rape and ritual murder
- Ballet has ^^no real story^^
- Stravinsky thought of this as an “abstract concert piece”
- Second part (“The Sacrifice”) involves a virgin being danced to death
- Structure:
- Introduction
- Omens of Spring and Dance of the Adolescents
- The Game of Abduction
- Round Dances of Spring
Expressionism
- Austrian and German composers still had ^^emotional and complex music^^
- Exploited extreme states
- Expressionism
- Sigmund Freund
- Influenced by ^^psychoanalytic theory^^
- Erwartung (Anticipation) is a monologue written by Schoenberg for soprano and orchestra
- Reasonably dark (dead bodies)
- Sense of hysteria
- ^^Schoenberg^^ was the leading expressionist in music
- Pioneered the “emancipation of dissonance,” “breakdown of tonality,” and serialism
- ^^Second Viennese school was Schoenberg, Anton Webern, and Alban Berg^^
- First was Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven
Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) Biography
- Son of important opera singer
- Studied ^^law^^ until age 19
- Studied w/ ^^Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov^^ (kuchka member; nationalist)
- Helped him write his 3 Ballets Russes ballet scores
- Composed more b^^allets^^ and other things after WWI
- Also ^^modeled his music on that of Bach, Handel, and Mozart^^, transforming it w/ his “unique rhythmic and harmonic style” (This style was called ^^Neoclassism^^)
- Advocate of “^^objectivity^^” in music
- Rejected Romantic emotionality
- Died in NYC, buried in Venice
Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire (Moonstruck Pierrot) (1912)
- Most ^^famous/influential 20th century song cycle^^
- Poems are by symbolist Albert Giraud
- Pierrot is the “eternal sad clown”
- ^^Sprechstimme^^ (speech-song) is an invention of Schoenberg in which sound is not fully organized into pitches
- “Extreme example” of avant-garde
- In this case, soprano doesn’t quite sing, doesn’t quite speak (somewhere in between)
- ^^Soprano and 5 instrumentalists^^
- 8 instruments
- 1 person switches between flute and piccolo
- 1 person switches between clarinet and bass clarinet
- 1 person switches between violin and viola
- Cello
- Piano
- Not all player in every song (unique accompaniment in each)
- No. 8: “Night”
- Voice, piano, bass clarinet, cello
- “Nightmarish”
- Vision of “ominous insects”
- Schoenberg called it a passacaglia (type of Baroque ostinato piece)
- Mostly Sprechstimme
- No. 18: “The Moonfleck”
- Voice, piano, piccolo, clarinet, violin, cello
- “Dense, dissonant, atonal, and alarmingly intense” introductory piano passage
- “Nagging bother of an obsession”
- High-pitched scattered motives
Alban Berg, Wozzeck (1923)
Berg was a ^^student of Schoenberg^^
Berg began working on Wozzeck during WWI, and completed it in 1923
^^Wagnerian^^, but also similar to Pierrot lunaire
Highly intense
About Franz Wozzeck, a ^^“low cog” soldier^^
- Tormented by his captain, the regimental doctor, and visions
- His lover Marie sleeps w/ a drum major and then beats Wozzeck up when he objects, so he murders her and then drowns himself
Act III, Scene ii is the murder scene
- Followed by a blackout and 2 crescendos
Act III, Scene iii
- Wozzeck drinks w/ Marie’s friend Margret in a tavern
- Distorted, dissonant ragtime
- Disjoined, confused, shocking
- People see blood on his hands and turn on him, he escapes
- Built on a “master rhythm” w/ slight modifications in different tempos
- More ostinato
Act III, Scene iv
- Wozzeck returns to the pond (scene of the crime)- he sees blood and goes in the water to wash himself, drowns
Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) Biography
- Grew up in Vienna
- Self taught before Alexander von Zemlinsky trained him
- Wrote music theory books and literary texts for his compositions, also painted in expressionist style (^^versatile^^)
- Early music was similar to late Romantic
- Increased ^^chromaticism and atonality^^
- Met w/ hostility from the public
- Attracted interest of Mahler and Richard Strauss (students flocked too)
- His music became more and more atonal
- ^^Developed twelve-tone (serial) system^^
- Jew forced to leave Germany when the Nazis came to power
- Moved to LA, become a US citizen
- ^^Strange^^ personality
- “First ^^great teacher^^ since Bach”
Schoenberg and Serialism
- ^^Twelve-tone system^^ was a “method of composing with the twelve tones solely in relation to one another” (according to Schoenberg)
- Known as ^^serialism^^
- “Ultimate systematizing of [Romantic] chromaticism”
- Twelve-tone row or series was an ^^ordered sequence of the 12 pitches^^
- Schoenberg stuck to using the 12 pitches in a fixed order, w/o repetitions or backtracking before starting over again
- Any octave
- Sequence can be presented inverted (backwards, retrograde)
- Each piece has its own “sound world”
The First American Modernist
The ^^first major modernist composer in the US^^, Charles Ives, amazingly worked in isolation (composed in his spare time). He used mostly ^^American subjects^^ (nationalist). He wrote ^^highly experimental, dissonant music^^ (some was for piano tuned to 1/4 tones instead of 1/2)
Charles Ives (1874-1954) Biography
- Son of a Civil War military bandmaster and music teacher
- His dad liked to play 2 tunes simultaneously in different keys for fun? Unconventional guy
- Church organist as a teenager
- Went to Yale
- He thought his professor Horatio Parker had tame, traditional, and unmasculine
- He wanted to make more ^^experimental and vigorous music^^
- After graduation, worked in insurance and as a church organist, then later just in business
- Didn’t try to get his works published or performed
- He thought that ^^communal joy in music^^ making mattered much more than how a piece sounded
- Almost gave up music completely later in life
- He ^^did get to see his music admired^^ by the public at large :)
Second Orchestral Set, Second Movement, “The Rockstrewn Hills Join in the People’s Outdoor Meeting” (1909)
- Ives wrote ^^4 symphonies^^
- Has false starts, parts of hymns, irregular rhythms, etc.
The Unanswered Question (1906)
- Needs 2 conductors
- Three distinct, independent levels of music
- Choir w/ consonant harmonies
- Dissonant woodwinds
- Trumpet which sounds “like a voice”
- Strings are also playing ppp throughout w/ no change in tempo
- ^^NOT traditional polyphony^^ (they don’t fit together at all)