WHAP - Period 1 & 2 Terms Combined

Good luck on the test :) - JB

Caliph

The successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community.

Sunni

Followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads.

Shi'a

Followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam.

Allah

Islamic term for God.

Ramadan

The ninth month of the Islamic year that requires daily fasting from sunrise to sunset.

Saladin

12th-century Muslim ruler; reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms.

Sufis

Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions.

Sultan

Word meaning 'victorious'; came to designate Muslim rulers.

Mali

State of the Malinke people, centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers.

Axum

(1st-6th centuries C.E.) Developing in the Ethiopian highlands and traded with India and the Mediterranean areas to gain Greek and Arabian cultural influences; conversion of the king to Christianity in 350 C.E. laid the basis for Ethiopian Christian culture.

Songhai

Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao.

Hausa

Peoples of northern Nigeria who formed states after the Songhay, combining Muslim and pagan traditions.

Great Zimbabwe

With massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa.

Mansa Musa

First Muslim ruler of Mali, performed the Hajj, wealthiest leader in history.

Ibn Battuta

Traveled along Silk Roads, Indian Ocean trade routes, and Trans-Saharan trade routes recording history along the way.

Margery Kempe

English pilgrim who went to Jerusalem and documented her travels. Mystic who wrote about personal relationship and messages with Jesus.

Al-Andalus

Umayyad Islamic empire in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal).

Neo-Confucianism

Combination of Daoist and Buddhist ideologies with Confucianism.

Caravanserai

Rest stops along Silk and Trans-Saharan trade routes that allowed travelers to rest and care for their animals.

Diasporic Communities

Groups of people who settled new areas to participate in trade networks, creating new relationships and opportunities in their new homes.

Theravada Buddhism

Form of Buddhism as a philosophy centered on humans and self-improvement to escape reincarnation and Buddha is an important figure to model behavior but not a god.

Mahayana Buddhism

Form of Buddhism that includes religious elements like gods and views Buddha and other spiritual leaders as boddhisatva; more ritualized prayers and ceremonies.

Rajput

Hindu kingdoms that failed to centralize in Northern India (present day Pakistan) and were repeatedly attacked by Muslim warriors.

Srivijaya

Southeast Asian kingdom (ca. 671-1025 CE) centered in Sunda and Malacca Straits between China and India to control trade; heavily influenced by Buddhism.

Majapahit

Southeast Asian empire (1292-1527 CE) centered in modern-day Indonesia to control Indian Ocean trade; heavily influenced by Hinduism.

Khmer

Southeast Asian empire (802-1431 CE) centered in modern-day Cambodia to control trade between India and China; heavily influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism.

Sukhothai

Southeast Asia empire (1238-1438 CE) that broke away from Khmer and created government influenced by Theravada Buddhism; tribute state of China.

Tatars

Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th century; left Russian church and aristocracy intact

Constantinople

Capital of the Byzantine Empire; constructed on the site of Byzantium, an old Greek city on the Bosporus

Orthodox Christian Church

Eastern church which was created in 1053 after the schism from the western Roman church; its head is the patriarch of Constantinople

Manorialism

Economic and social system based on agriculture that defined relationships between landlords/landowners and people who worked for them; outlined duties and rights of each group

Serfs

Agricultural laborers who worked for the landowner in exchange for protection but could not leave farms and fewer individual rights

Three-field system

Practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage—an improvement making use of manure

Feudalism

Political and social system in Medieval Europe that gave more rights to landowners but required them to support the monarch and provide shelter and work for people who lived on their land. A fragmented society

Vassals

Members of the military elite who received land or special privileges from a lord in return for military or economic service and loyalty

Magna Carta

Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented the principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law

Investiture

The practice of appointing church clergy by secular leaders

Black Death

Reduced Europe's population by up to 1/2 and changed social, economic, cultural, and political systems because of high death rate and inability to prevent and control spread

Monasticism

Religious practice of an individual or group separating from the secular world and focusing only on religion; monks/nuns living in their own communities and spending their time praying, studying religion, and helping others

Tenochtitlan

Founded circa 1325 on a marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power

Chinampas

Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create “floating islands”; system of irrigated agriculture used by Aztecs

Inca

Centered at Cuzco; created an empire in the Andes Mountains using advanced transportation and farming techniques

Mita

Inca labor tribute system, performed once a year on public works projects

Quipu

System of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system

Mayans

Individual ruler in each city-state, developed agricultural technology and a calendar in Mesoamerica

Chaco

Created large housing structures using stone and clay, located in present day SW United States

Cahokia

Built large earthen mounds in present day Southern Illinois

Mesa Verde

Built multi story homes into the sides of cliffs in SW United States

Chinggis Khan

Born in 1170s, united Mongols into more central group as supreme ruler (khan) in 1206, began Mongol Empire with the conquest of states in Central Asia

Khanate

Kingdoms/provinces of the Mongols

Pax Mongolica

Mongolian peace, increased trade

Uyghur Script

Written form of the Mongol language

Mamluks

Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260

Kublai Khan

Grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered Song China Established Yuan dynasty in 1271

White Lotus Society

Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow the Yuan dynasty

Aztecs

The Mexica; established tribute systems of human sacrifice to control diverse empires

Legitimizing Power

how a ruler or government proves that the people should obey the government; proves a ruler is the rightful leader

Consolidate Power

how a ruler or government gets power to control the people/land; adding more power to the leader and government

Ivan III (the Great)

Prince of the duchy of Moscow; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of tsar.

Ivan IV (the Terrible)

Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture.

Boyars

Russian landowner and member of aristocracy; ranked just below the royal family and advised the tsar (king)

Peter I (the Great)

Tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models.

Westernization

Process in which traditional cultures come under the influence of Western culture.

Gunpowder Empire

Asian empires that used firearms developed from Chinese gunpowder, including cannons, to expand and control their territories (Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires)

Ottoman Empire

major Sunni Muslim empire in Middle East, North Africa, and Eastern Europe from 1350-1918; led by Turkish Muslims and used military and bureaucracy to expand and control territories (conquered other governments and used taxation and laws to control the people)

Devshirme

Ottoman Empire's policy of forcing Christian children to convert to Islam and be educated to work in the government (based jobs on merit and talent); collected children from families as part of tax owed to the Ottoman emperor

Janissaries

soldier in Ottoman army; military made up of prisoners of war and Christians who were forced to join as children; part of standing army but had strict rules including celibacy (not having children or sexual relationships)

Vizier

head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after the 15th century often more powerful than the sultan.

Safavid dynasty

founded by a Turkic nomad family with Shi'a Islamic beliefs, not religiously tolerant; established a kingdom in Iran and ruled until 1722, believed emperor was related to Muhammad.

Shah

term for Shiite Muslim leader of Persia (Safavid Empire); believed to be a descendant of Muhammad and a religious and political leader

Chaldiran

an important battle between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms and checked the western advance of the Safavid Shi'a state.

Abbas I, the Great

Safavid shah (1587-1629); extended the empire to its greatest extent; used Western arts and military technology such as rifles and artillery; Started Persian rug industry; implemented religious toleration

Mughal dynasty

established by Turkic invaders in 1526 in South Asia; minority Muslim rule over majority Hindu population; endured until the mid-19th century.

Akbar

built up the military and administrative structure of the dynasty; followed policies of cooperation and toleration with the Hindu majority.

Aurangzeb

reversed previous policies to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare depleted the empire's resources.

Sikhs

Indian sect, beginning as a synthesis of Hindu and Muslim faiths; pushed to opposition to Muslim and Mughul rule.

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368-1644; government that replaced the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, reinstated the Civil Service Exams, Neo-Confucianism, foreign tributes, and spread influence through trade

Qing Dynasty

Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1644-1911 (last Chinese dynasty); Manchurian government (northern Asia) that conquered the Ming Empire; strict separation of Han Chinese and Manchurians, opposed foreign influence on China, and used Civil Service Exams and Neo-Confucianism in government

Forbidden City

built by Ming emperors in early 1400s as center of government; only certain people allowed in and buildings used specifically for rituals, government work, and imperial family members

Hongwu

first Ming emperor (1368-1403); liberated China from Mongol rule and restored traditional Chinese values in the bureaucracy

Zheng He

Chinese admiral who led seven overseas trade expeditions under Ming emperor Yunglo between 1405 and 1423; demonstrated that the Chinese were capable of major ocean exploration.

Eunuch

term for a man who was castrated (sexual organs removed); allowed special and important roles in many governments because not considered a threat to female members of royal courts (guarded and served them) and believed to be loyal to government/ruler instead of family

Samurai

Japanese troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor.

Daimyo

landowner in Japan given control over land in exchange for supporting the shogun; used samurai as soldiers and taxed land (feudal system)

Shogun

military leader of Japan; "protected" the emperor and used military and giving land to daimyo to rule Japan under a feudal system

Renaissance

Period from 1300s-1600s in which Europeans emphasized art, classical history, creativity, education, and innovation; challenged many medieval European ideas and helped begin the Early Modern Period

Humanism

Belief that people should focus on their powers of reason to explain the world, not only religion, and that people can fully understand everything in nature; based on Classical Greek ideals

Johannes Gutenberg

Introduced movable type to western Europe in the 15th century; greatly expanded the availability of printed materials

Martin Luther

German Catholic Monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation; emphasized the primacy of faith in place of Catholic sacraments for gaining salvation; rejected papal authority

Indulgence

Catholic Church’s practice of forgiving someone’s sins or decreasing punishment so that person spends less time in purgatory before going to heaven

Predestination

Protestant Christian belief that God already knows if a person will be “saved” (go to heaven) before he/she is born, so a person cannot do good works to make up for sins

Anglicanism

Protestant religion based in England that made the English monarch the head of the Church; kept traditions from the Catholic Church but developed new interpretations and became more protestant over time

Puritan

Protestant Christian who wanted to reform the Church of England (Anglican Church) to remove Catholic influences; emphasized education to read the Bible and personal morality and relationship with God

Catholic Counter Reformation

Religious movement to make changes to the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation; attempted to end practices like simony and priests having children

Spanish Inquisition

Attempt to remove challenges to the Catholic Church from Spain; investigated and punished people accused of having different religious views (Jewish or non-Catholics)

Jesuit

Branch of Catholic priests dedicated to education, missions to convert people to Catholicism, scholarship, and defending Catholic Church; focused on spreading Catholicism and preventing the spread of protestant religions

95 Thesis

Document written by Martin Luther, a German priest, who challenged specific practices and traditions of the Catholic Church, including simony and selling indulgences; one of the documents that began the Protestant Reformation

Sacrament

Religious ceremony that represents an important event in life/religion; Catholics believe there are seven (baptism, confirmaation, Holy Communion, marriage, penance, becoming a priest, and last rights) but Protestants only believe in two (baptism and communion)

Edict of Nantes

1598 decision by the French King Henry IV to give more religious freedoms to Protestants living in the Catholic Country; Protestants were allowed to inherit land, attend schools, and receive care in hospitals without being denied because of their religion

Intendant

Part of the Fremch bureaucracy; represented the king in specific parts of the kingdom; appointed by the king and had power to supervise/ check on other government officials and became more powerful than many local leaders/aristocrats