Particle physics

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38 Terms

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Isotope

Atom with the same proton number but different mass number

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Specific charge

Charge C / mass kg

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What are the four fundamental forces

Strong nuclear

Gravity

Weak nuclear

Electromagnetic

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Properties of the strong nuclear force

affects hadron

Exchange particle is pions / gluon

Hold protons and neutrons together

Repulsive at less than 0.5 fm

Attractive up to about 3-4fm

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Properties of the electromagnetic force

Affects charge particles

Exchanged by the virtual photon

Causes protons to repel each other

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Properties of the weak nuclear force

Affects all types of particles

Exchange particles are the w+ and w- bosons

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Properties of gravity

Affects particles with mass

Graviton exchange particle (Not found only theorised)

Attracts nucleons together due to mass

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Main types of nuclear decay

Alpha, beta±

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Features of an alpha decay

Alpha particles are helium nuclei usually emitted from very large particles

Proton number decreases by 2

Nucleon number decreases by 4

An alpha particle is emitted

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Features of a beta minus decay

Neutron decays into a proton

Emits an electron and an electron antineutrino

The electron is the beta minus particle

The proton number increases by 1

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Features of beta plus decay

Proton decays into neutron

Proton decays into a beta plus particle and an electron neutrino

Beta plus particle is a positron

Proton number decreases by 1

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What are photons

Discrete bundles of electromagnetic radiation

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Planks constant equations for energy

E=hf=hc/λ

h is planks constant 6.63×10-³⁴

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What is antimatter made up of

Antiparticles (Same mass, opposing charge)

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What is pair production

When a photon has sufficient energy it can be converted into a particle and corresponding antiparticle

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What is annihilation

When a particle meets its antiparticle, converting into 2 equal energy photons that move in opposite directions

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What is a hadron

Non fundamental particles that feel the strong nuclear force

Baryons and Mesons are Hadron

Protons are most stable baryon

Baryon number must be conserved in interactions

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What are leptons

Fundamental particles such as electrons muons and neutrinos (And Tauon)

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Neutron decay

Neutron decays into a proton electron and electron antineutrino

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Quarks

Fundamental subatomic partial making up hadrons

Up down and strange are 3 flavours

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What is a baryon

A combination of 3 quarks or antiquarks

Proton uud

Neutron udd

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Mesons

quark and an antiquark

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Conservation laws

Energy

Momentum

Charge

Baron number

Lepton number (Split in to muon and electron numbers)

Strangeness is conserved in strong interactions

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Kaon composition

K+ u

K⁰ d

K-

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Pion composition

n+

n-

n⁰ uū dđ

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