Bacteria/Virus/Immune System Quiz

Biology unit 9

What are useful things bacteria can do?

Aid in digestion, essential part of ecosystems, recycle nutrients

What is our best defense against bacteria?

Antibiotics

What is the issue with the overuse of antibiotics?

Bacteria becomes resistant to antibiotics

What is eubacteria?

These are bacteria that YOU are familiar with - they live in many places

What is Archaea?

These live in extreme environments (incredibly salty, incredibly hot, etc.). They are sometimes called “extremophiles”. They are no longer classified as bacteria.

What organelles would the two prokaryotes have?

Cell membrane, DNA floating in cytoplasm, Ribosomes (no membranes)

Cilia

Tiny hair-like structures that help the bacteria move around in a water-environment

Flagella

Part of the cytoskeleton of the cell. A tail-like structure on the bacteria is made of lots of protein filaments that helps the bacteria move.

Binary fission

Vocab term that describes mitosis/asexual reproduction in bacteria

Conjugation

A method that some bacteria have of sexual reproduction where one bacteria can inject some genes into another bacteria

Obligate Aerobes

Obligated to live in an environment that is rich in oxygen

Obligate Anaerobes

Obligated to live in an environment that has NO oxygen such as thick layers of mud

Facultative Anaerobes

Can survive in an environment with or without oxygen. Oxygen is not required nor harmful to these bacteria.

Coccus

Sphere shape

Bacillus

Rod shape

Spirillum

spiral shape

Diplo

in pairs

Staphylo

In clusters

Strepto

In chains

What is gram staining?

Gram staining is a common technique used to differentiate two large groups of bacteria based on the amount of **peptidoglycan** that is present in the cell wall of the bacteria.

What does bacteria staining purple mean?

The bacteria has a thick layer of peptidoglycan in its cell wall and it is gram positive

What does bacteria staining red mean?

The bacteria has a thin layer of peptidoglycan in its cell wall and it is gram negative

What part do all viruses have in common?

Capsids

What makes viruses different than retroviruses?

Viruses have DNA when retroviruses only have RNA

What are two reasons that we do not die quickly from a viral infection?

Because we have so many cells and because of your immune system

What body system attacks viruses?

Immune system

What is a prophage?

Viral information from the virus combined with the DNA in the cell

Which of the two cycles is where the virus is currently causing active harm to the host cells?

Lytic

Lytic cycle vs the lysogenic cycle

First line of defense in the immune system (in order) and what they do

* Macrophage (A type of White Blood Cell): Very large cells that kill bacteria
* Neutrophils (when they die they are PUSS): Cells that KILL everything--including good cells.
* Complement proteins: Will rip holes in bacteria to kill them

What happens at the site of an inflammatory wound?

Body temperature rises: This is due to the fact that the blood vessels are expanding to quickly bring more cells to defend your body. Also, it inhibits the growth of pathogens. As the blood vessels dilate, blood plasma leaks out into the impacted area to containing the invading pathogen. This fluid is seen as inflammation at the site.

What is the second line of defense?

Specific immunity

* Dendrites: enters Lymphatic System and then activates the specific helper T cells
* Specific helper T cells: Split into groups and activate macrophages and b cells

What does a macrophage do when activated by a T cell?

Wakes up and begins to kill pathogens again

What do B cells do?

Pump out antibodies which stick to bacteria. The antibodies make the bacteria stick together for macrophages to kill.

What does a memory B cell do?

Will remain to guard tissue

What do memory B cells do?

Will continue to pump out low amounts of antibodies

What type of cells are responsible for allergies?

Lymphocytes

How many different antibodies do we have?

Almost 10 billion

What is the difference between mRNA vaccines and other vaccines?

mRNA vaccines contain RNA to help us get our antibodies, but other vaccines use an actual part of the virus (treated so that it doesn’t hurt you) to help us make antibodies.

Letter A is showing what process?

lytic infection

Letter B is showing what process?

lysogenic cycle

The piece of DNA shown by the letter C is called a ________

prophage

What is the virus that letter D is pointing to?

Bacteriophage

What is the letter E the pointing to?

Bacterial DNA

Viruses cannot be treated with antibiotics because:

Antibiotics block the growth of **bacteria**

Bacteriophages infect

Bacteria ONLY