Anatomy Unit 1

medical imaging

helps diagnios a break, sprain, or fracture

Radiography

Photographs internal structure with xray, can see dense pathology

dense pathology

tumor, break in bone

computed tomography

a sophisticated xray that relies on computer analysis to reveal 3D soft tisse anatomy. Cross section xray can show evidence of stroke/heart attack

Magnetic resonance imaging

uses magnetic fields to visualize soft tissues

Functional MRI-Reveals moment to moment changes in tissue activity associated with brain function

Positron Emission Tomography

detects gamma rays and is used to asses metabolic tissues

form of nuclear medicine produces a color image showing areas of the brain using the most glucose

Sonography

relies on sonar technology by measuring the reflection of ultra sound waves

less dense medium through more dense medium

situs solitus

organs are where textbook says is normal

situs inversus

one or more organs are flipped (left vs. right)

situs perversus (abnormal)

one or more organs are misplaced

prone

face down, laying on your face

supine

laying face up

anatomical position

feet close together and flat on the floor, arms to the side, with palms facing upward, head and eyes directed foward

sagittal plane

divide he body into unequal left vs. right

mid saggital plane

divides the body into equal left vs. right

frontal/coronal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

transverse plane

longitudal section that divides the body into superior and inferior sections

parietal pleura

lines the ribcage

visceral pleura

lines the lungs

parietal pericardium

Lines the sternum, vertebrae an contracts the pleura

Visceral pericardium

LInes the heart

parietal peritoneum

lines the anterior/lateral posterior wall of the abdomen

visceral peritoneum

lines each organ

allixary (axis) region

any part of the body that is not the arms or legs

appendicular region

the arms and legs

histology

the study of tissue

pathology

the study for tissues

cellular junctions

anchor one cell to another or to underlying connective tissue, facilitates the formation of tissues

Cillia

moves things across the cells surface, or help sense the cells surroundings

microvilli

help increase the surface area of the cell, allows for greater absorption

cellular surface protiens

allows for communications with surrounding cells and tissues catalyse reactions, facilitate diffusion, and provide the cellular immunity

tight junctions

form a zipperlike seal that encircles a cell and joins it tightly to neighboring cells. Preventing nonselective passage or materials

desmosomes

protien patches that mechanically link one cells to another, allows tissues to resisit stress

hemidesmosomes

a half desmosome, blind epithellal cells to an underlying basebament membrane

Gap Junctions

pore surrounded by ringlike connexon, a circle of 6 membranes, allows for cell to all transport

epithelium tissue

composed of one or more layers of closely adhering cells covers organ surfaces and forms secretory tissue and ducts of glands

simple squamos

function: allow for material exchange via diffusion

location: small intestine, lungs, blood vessels

simple cubodial

function- filtration

location: 2nd- 3rd segment of small intestine, kidneys

simple columnar

function: protection and absorption

location: 1st section of the small intestine

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

function: protection, expuision of debris

location: trachea

stratified squamos- Keratinized

function: protection, prevent water loss

locations- skin, epidermis

stratified squamos

function: protection from friction and abrasion

location: vagina, oral cavity

stratified cubodial

function: secretion

location: dermal, sweat (exocrine gland)

transitional

function: stretch without causing a distension injury

location: urinary tract, bladder

connective tissue

the cells and fibers of connective tissues are embedded in a homogenous ground substance

matrix

slime like

Areolar connective tissue

function: loose connection, loose holding together and protecting

location: visceral serous membrane (peritoneum)

cell: fibroblast

Protein: collagen and elastic fibers

adipose connective tissue

function: energy store (lipids), insulation

location: everywhere

no protein

Reticular connective tissue

function: filter tissue

location: kidneys only to filter blood, lymphnodes/spleen

reticular protein fibers (thin collagen)

cell: lymphnocytes (WBC)

Dense regular connective tissue

function: strength in one direction

location: ligaments and tendons few fibroblasts, thick collagen fibers arranged in parallel waves

dense irregular connective tissue

function: strength in all directions gives skin the ability to move without ripping or tearing

location: dermis

few fibroblasts, thick collagen bundles arranged irregularly

Hyaline cartilage

function: give support and maintain shape

location: trachea, most synovial joints, chondrocytes, hard gel matrix

Elastic cartilage

function: hold shape and be somewhat flexible

location: nose, pinna (ear), chondrocytes, hard gel matrix, elastic fibers

Fibrocartilage

function: shock absorption

location: intevertebral disks, pubic synthesis thick collagen

Bone

function: support, calcium and phosphorus storage

location: bones

cell: osteocytes

fibers: collagen matrix hardened/ mineralized

blood

function: carry messages from different parts of the body communication and nutrient delivery

location: heart and blood vessels

cell: WBC, RBC, plateletsk

protein: non-fibrous free floating proteins

matrix: plasma-water

muscular tissue

specialized to contract when stimulated and exert force on other tissues

somatic motor control

concious control

automatic motor control

nonconcious control

skeletal muscle tissue

function: locomotion, heat generation, energy usage

location: calf muscle, etc., somatic control, long fibers with striations, multinucleated

cardiac muscle tissue

function: pumps blood

location: in the heart, stump like, mononucleated, striations

interculated discs

contain gap junctions

smooth muscle tissue

function: moving blood and digestive contents through the body internally

location: internal organs, blood vessels

no striations, tapered smooth shape, mononucliated

nervous tissue

specialized for rapid communication by means of electrical and chemical signaling

neurons

nerve cells

neuroglia

supportive cell

neurosoma(soma)

cell body

dendrites

conduct incoming signals to the soma

axon

nerve fiber

nervous tissue

function: send, integrate and recieve information

location: brain and spinal cord

myelin

lipid coated plasma membrane, an insulated axon has myelin

astrocyte

star shape, feed and take care of the neuron

microglia

very small, immune cells of the brain

ogliodendrocytes

CNS only, mylienationg cells, can myelinate more than one axon at a time

ependymal

modified epithelium maintain and produce CSF

Schwann cells

myelinating cells in the PNS, can only myelinate 1 axon segment at a time

sattelite cells

specific to ganglia act similar to schwann cells

tissue membrane

epithelial and connective tissue layers put together

cutaneous membrane

largest membrane in the body, comprimies the skin, epitheial layer: epidemis

connective tissue layer: dermis

mucous membranes

line passage ways in the body

epitheial layer: mucosa

connective tissue layer: lamina propria

serous membrane

line body cavities, 2 layers of each tissue sandwiched on each side of a fluid layer membranes like meniges, pluera, pericardium

synovial membrane

do not have an epithelial layer, 2 connective tissue layers with synovial fluid between them

Integumentary system

hair, skin, nails, sweat glands

instrumental in resisting tramau and infection, 1st line in defense, prevent water loss, prevent UV damage, temperature regulation

dermatology

the study of the skin and related structures

epidermis

comprised of keratinized stratified squamos tissue 4-5 strata layers

thin skin

4 layers has no stratum lucidum hair and sebacous gland

thick skin

% layer has a thick stratum corenum and a stratum lucidum, has no hair and sebacous gland

locations: palms, toes, fingers, and heels

Keratinocyte

maintains water concentration, waxy substance

dendritic cells

immune cell of the skin, active during infection

tactile cell

sensory receptor, feels stuff

melanocytes

produce melanin, protects against UV rays

Strateum corneum

dead skin cells

stratum lucidum

only in thick skin

stratum granulosa

not dead yet, actively dying granuoles of keratin

Stratum spinosum

most metabolically active

stratum basal

most mitoically active layer close to blood vessels of the dermis

papillary region

made of areolar tissue form the dermal papille,

provides an arena for the mobilization of defense against pathogens that breech the epidermis

reticualar region

made of dense irregular tissue provides toughness

dermis

has downward epidermal ridges to form a wavy boundary ahs two layers

hypodermis

not a true layer of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, composed of areolar and adipose tissue, pads the body and binds skin to underlying muscle and tissue, store energy, insulate against heat loss and provide a conduit to deeper tissue