Studied by 13 peopleorgans involved in sexual reproduction are
gonads: testes and ovaries
sex cells involved in sexual reproduction are
spermatozoa/sperm and ova/eggs
where is sperm produced
testes
what happens to testes in the womb and why
the pair descend; cooler for sperm production
where is sperm produced and where do they mature (1)
siminiferous tubules in testes produce sperm and mature in epididymis
after maturing in the epididymis, where does sperm move to?
vas deferens and ejaculatory duct while passing many glands and then exit via penis
cells found in testes
leydig and sertoli cells
where are leydig cells found and what do they secrete
between the tubules and secrete testosterone
function of sertoli cells and what do they secrete
support and protect developing spermatids and secrete inhibin
skin that surrounds testes and lowers testes temperature by 3 degrees celsius is..
scrotum
raised margin that separates scrotum
raphe
in the scrotum, what muscles are found in dermis and which are below the dermis?
dartos muscles in dermis and cremaster muscles below dermis
__ drop into scrotum; contain vas deferens, lymphatics, nerves, artery, veins
spermatic cords
where does spermatic cords begin and where do they exit
begins at deep inguinal ring at inguinal canal and exits at superficial inguinal ring
where is the true start of reproductive tract
epididymis
where is epididymis located
on top of and behind testes
sperm mature where for 1-2 weeks?
epididymis
3 functions of epididymis
stores/protects sperm and facilitates maturation 2. monitors/adjusts composition of fluid made by seminiferous tubules 3. acts as recycling center for damaged/unused sperm
vas/ductus deferens coveys sperm during __
arousal
describe location of vas/ductus deferens
starts at tail of epididymis and travels up and over bladder, expands as ampulla just before prostate gland
where ampulla meets seminal vesicles, the vas/ductus deferens becomes the what?
ejaculatory duct
after prostate, the vas/ductus deferens joins the
urethra
accessory sex glands include
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands
describe seminal vesicles
accessory sex gland, secrete alkaline fluid, produces majority of semen volume, supplies fructose (energy source)/prostaglandins/clotting proteins
describe prostate gland
accessory sex gland, lies below bladder, enlarges with age, slightly acidic, produces less semen volume, supplies citrate (energy source)/prostatic specific antigen (psa)/enzymes/seminalplasmin (antibiotic)
describe bulbourethral glands
accessory sex gland, pea sized, below prostate, secretes alkaline fluid to counteract urethra, produces mucous to lubricate urethra and minimize friction of sperm during ejaculation (precum)
regions of penis
root, body/shaft, glans covered with prepuce/foreskin
what forms erectile tissue
corpus/corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum
the penis is supported by 2 ligaments:
fundiform and suspensory
3 portions of sperm
head, middle piece, tail
describe head of sperm
nucleus with dna and cap like acrosome (enzymes)
describe middle pierce of sperm
starts at neck and contains mitochondria
describe tail of sperm
principle/chief piece and end piece offer movement
how long can sperm live for after ejaculated
48-72 hours
what is the process of creating sperm called
spermatogenesis
spermatogenesis is the process of what?
meiosis to reduce the diploid number (2n) to a haploid number (n)
cell with 46 chromosomes produces _ sperm cells each with _ chromosomes
4; 23
when does spermatogenesis begin
puberty
the male orgasm allows sperm to __ while preventing __ from doing so
leave; urine
sexual arousal leads to..
erection, ejaculation, emission
how many sperm per ejaculation
400 million
what happens after the male orgasm
refractory period before another can occur
hormones of the male reproductive system
testosterone, inhibin, estrogen, gnrh, lh, fsh, dhea
role of testosterone in males
primary and secondary sex characteristics, regulates metabolism, role in fluid/electrolyte balance
role of inhibin in male reproductive system
inhibits fsh
role of estrogen in male reproductive system
role in sexual behavior, partner preference, spermatogenesis
role of GnRH in male reproductive system
stimulates production/release of lh and fsh
role of LH in male reproductive system
stimulates/controls testosterone
role of FSH in male reproductive system
develops testes and stimulates sperm production
role of DHEA in male reproductive system
converts to testosterone or estrogen, increase virility and muscle enhancement, masculinization
male disorders: cryptorchidism
testes that haven’t descended, requires surgical repair (orchiopexy)
male disorders: benign prostatic hypertrophy
prostate enlarges, psa levels rise, issues with voiding
male disorders: prostate cancer
most common diagnosed cancer in males, high elevated psa levels, test annually, dre recommended with psa test
male disorders: phimosis
foreskin too tight and doesn’t retract, blocks urethra
male disorders: hydrocele
fluid accumulates in scrotum, congenital/trauma/infection
male disorders: erectile dysfunction (ED)
impotence, unable to ejaculate or have erection, due to physical or psychological causes: diabetes/arteriosclerosis/alcoholism/meds/radiation/tumors/spinal cord trauma and surgery/anxiety/depression/stress
ovaries contain
eggs/ova/oocytes
when egg released during ovulation, egg travels the __ and connects to __
oviducts (fallopian tubes); uterus
the __ leads to external genitalia of the __
vulva
what is found in cortex of ovaries
cumulus oophorus, membrana granulosa, corona radiata, zona pellucida, primary oocyte, antrum, corpus luteum, corpus albicans
corpus luteum, remnants derived from follicles becomes a __
corpus albicans (scar)
follicles are usually not found in the __ of the ovaries
medulla
what shape and size are ovaries
almond
females are born with __ the eggs she will have in her lifetime
all
3 functions of the ovaries
production of oocytes 2. secretion of sex hormones 3. secretion of inhibin
during ovulation usually __ is released, leaving behind a corpus luteum
one
oogenesis
process of meiosis to reduce the diploid number (2n) to a haploid number (n)
when does oogenesis begin
in utero
fallopian tubes __ with ovaries
communicates
where does fertilization occur?
fallopian tubes
the fallopian tubes are open-ended at..
ovaries
fallopian tubes have the same 3 __ as uterus
layers
what are the 3 sections of fallopian tubes
isthmus: medially, ampulla: intermediately, infundibulum: laterally
pear shaped organ in females is known as
uterus
the uterus is located between what 2 structures
bladder and rectum
parts of the uterus
fundus, body, isthmus, cervix
what increases fertilization by storing sperm for brief period and surrounds the vaginal attachment to the cervix
fornix
how many layers to uterine walls
3
layers of uterine wall from outside to in
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
describe perimetrium of uterus
serous layer, external, serous membrane, retroperitoneal, incompletely covers body and not cervix
describe myometrium of uterus
muscular layer, middle, smooth muscular layer, thickest at fundus, thinnest at cervix
describe endometrium of uterus
glandular layer, 3 layers
histology of stratum compactum of endometrium of uterus
simple columnar epithelium
histology of stratum spongiosum of endometrium of uterus
loose connective tissue
histology of stratum basale of endometrium of uterus
dense layer that attaches endometrium to myometrium
during menses and delivery, what 2 layers of endometrium are sloughed off
stratum compactum and spongiosum
what do the uterine glands secrete that serves as a barrier to sperm in the cervix
mucus
how many ligaments support uterus, tubes, and ovaries
8
pair of ligaments that suspend the uterus
broad ligaments
pair of ligaments that are from posterior surface of uterus to sacrum and connect uterus to sacrum
uterosacral ligaments
pair of ligaments that are fibromuscular cords that extend from uterus
round ligaments
ligament from posterior surface of uterus to rectum that creates space known as rectouterine pouch
posterior ligament
ligament from anterior surface of uterus to bladder and creates the vesicouterine pouch
anterior ligament
the vagina is about how long? made out of what?
3 in; smooth muscle
what covers the vagina
hymen
4 functions of vagina
acts as lower portion of birth canal 2 .transports blood and tissues of menses 3. serves as receptacle for semen 4. provides lubrication
describe the g spot
dime sized area on anterior wall of vagina, series of glands between bladder, urethra, vagina
what is the external part of the vagina known as
vulva
list structures of the vulva
mons pubis, vestibule, labia majora/minora, greater vestibular glands, lesser vestibular glands, clitoris/prepuce
structures of clitoris
glans, clitoral body/shaft, corpora cavernosa, crura, hood, vestibular/clitoral bulbs
Note
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