Module 5 - Reproductive Systems

organs involved in sexual reproduction are

gonads: testes and ovaries

sex cells involved in sexual reproduction are

spermatozoa/sperm and ova/eggs

where is sperm produced

testes

what happens to testes in the womb and why

the pair descend; cooler for sperm production

where is sperm produced and where do they mature (1)

siminiferous tubules in testes produce sperm and mature in epididymis

after maturing in the epididymis, where does sperm move to?

vas deferens and ejaculatory duct while passing many glands and then exit via penis

cells found in testes

leydig and sertoli cells

where are leydig cells found and what do they secrete

between the tubules and secrete testosterone

function of sertoli cells and what do they secrete

support and protect developing spermatids and secrete inhibin

skin that surrounds testes and lowers testes temperature by 3 degrees celsius is..

scrotum

raised margin that separates scrotum

raphe

in the scrotum, what muscles are found in dermis and which are below the dermis?

dartos muscles in dermis and cremaster muscles below dermis

__ drop into scrotum; contain vas deferens, lymphatics, nerves, artery, veins

spermatic cords

where does spermatic cords begin and where do they exit

begins at deep inguinal ring at inguinal canal and exits at superficial inguinal ring

where is the true start of reproductive tract

epididymis

where is epididymis located

on top of and behind testes

sperm mature where for 1-2 weeks?

epididymis

3 functions of epididymis

1. stores/protects sperm and facilitates maturation 2. monitors/adjusts composition of fluid made by seminiferous tubules 3. acts as recycling center for damaged/unused sperm

vas/ductus deferens coveys sperm during __

arousal

describe location of vas/ductus deferens

starts at tail of epididymis and travels up and over bladder, expands as ampulla just before prostate gland

where ampulla meets seminal vesicles, the vas/ductus deferens becomes the what?

ejaculatory duct

after prostate, the vas/ductus deferens joins the

urethra

accessory sex glands include

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

describe seminal vesicles

accessory sex gland, secrete alkaline fluid, produces majority of semen volume, supplies fructose (energy source)/prostaglandins/clotting proteins

describe prostate gland

accessory sex gland, lies below bladder, enlarges with age, slightly acidic, produces less semen volume, supplies citrate (energy source)/prostatic specific antigen (psa)/enzymes/seminalplasmin (antibiotic)

describe bulbourethral glands

accessory sex gland, pea sized, below prostate, secretes alkaline fluid to counteract urethra, produces mucous to lubricate urethra and minimize friction of sperm during ejaculation (precum)

regions of penis

root, body/shaft, glans covered with prepuce/foreskin

what forms erectile tissue

corpus/corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum

the penis is supported by 2 ligaments:

fundiform and suspensory

3 portions of sperm

head, middle piece, tail

describe head of sperm

nucleus with dna and cap like acrosome (enzymes)

describe middle pierce of sperm

starts at neck and contains mitochondria

describe tail of sperm

principle/chief piece and end piece offer movement

how long can sperm live for after ejaculated

48-72 hours

what is the process of creating sperm called

spermatogenesis

spermatogenesis is the process of what?

meiosis to reduce the diploid number (2n) to a haploid number (n)

cell with 46 chromosomes produces _ sperm cells each with _ chromosomes

4; 23

when does spermatogenesis begin

puberty

the male orgasm allows sperm to __ while preventing __ from doing so

leave; urine

sexual arousal leads to..

erection, ejaculation, emission

how many sperm per ejaculation

400 million

what happens after the male orgasm

refractory period before another can occur

hormones of the male reproductive system

testosterone, inhibin, estrogen, gnrh, lh, fsh, dhea

role of testosterone in males

primary and secondary sex characteristics, regulates metabolism, role in fluid/electrolyte balance

role of inhibin in male reproductive system

inhibits fsh

role of estrogen in male reproductive system

role in sexual behavior, partner preference, spermatogenesis

role of GnRH in male reproductive system

stimulates production/release of lh and fsh

role of LH in male reproductive system

stimulates/controls testosterone

role of FSH in male reproductive system

develops testes and stimulates sperm production

role of DHEA in male reproductive system

converts to testosterone or estrogen, increase virility and muscle enhancement, masculinization

male disorders: cryptorchidism

testes that haven’t descended, requires surgical repair (orchiopexy)

male disorders: benign prostatic hypertrophy

prostate enlarges, psa levels rise, issues with voiding

male disorders: prostate cancer

most common diagnosed cancer in males, high elevated psa levels, test annually, dre recommended with psa test

male disorders: phimosis

foreskin too tight and doesn’t retract, blocks urethra

male disorders: hydrocele

fluid accumulates in scrotum, congenital/trauma/infection

male disorders: erectile dysfunction (ED)

impotence, unable to ejaculate or have erection, due to physical or psychological causes: diabetes/arteriosclerosis/alcoholism/meds/radiation/tumors/spinal cord trauma and surgery/anxiety/depression/stress

ovaries contain

eggs/ova/oocytes

when egg released during ovulation, egg travels the __ and connects to __

oviducts (fallopian tubes); uterus

the __ leads to external genitalia of the __

vulva

what is found in cortex of ovaries

cumulus oophorus, membrana granulosa, corona radiata, zona pellucida, primary oocyte, antrum, corpus luteum, corpus albicans

corpus luteum, remnants derived from follicles becomes a __

corpus albicans (scar)

follicles are usually not found in the __ of the ovaries

medulla

what shape and size are ovaries

almond

females are born with __ the eggs she will have in her lifetime

all

3 functions of the ovaries

1. production of oocytes 2. secretion of sex hormones 3. secretion of inhibin

during ovulation usually __ is released, leaving behind a corpus luteum

one

oogenesis

process of meiosis to reduce the diploid number (2n) to a haploid number (n)

when does oogenesis begin

in utero

fallopian tubes __ with ovaries

communicates

where does fertilization occur?

fallopian tubes

the fallopian tubes are open-ended at..

ovaries

fallopian tubes have the same 3 __ as uterus

layers

what are the 3 sections of fallopian tubes

isthmus: medially, ampulla: intermediately, infundibulum: laterally

pear shaped organ in females is known as

uterus

the uterus is located between what 2 structures

bladder and rectum

parts of the uterus

fundus, body, isthmus, cervix

what increases fertilization by storing sperm for brief period and surrounds the vaginal attachment to the cervix

fornix

how many layers to uterine walls

3

layers of uterine wall from outside to in

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

describe perimetrium of uterus

serous layer, external, serous membrane, retroperitoneal, incompletely covers body and not cervix

describe myometrium of uterus

muscular layer, middle, smooth muscular layer, thickest at fundus, thinnest at cervix

describe endometrium of uterus

glandular layer, 3 layers

histology of stratum compactum of endometrium of uterus

simple columnar epithelium

histology of stratum spongiosum of endometrium of uterus

loose connective tissue

histology of stratum basale of endometrium of uterus

dense layer that attaches endometrium to myometrium

during menses and delivery, what 2 layers of endometrium are sloughed off

stratum compactum and spongiosum

what do the uterine glands secrete that serves as a barrier to sperm in the cervix

mucus

how many ligaments support uterus, tubes, and ovaries

8

pair of ligaments that suspend the uterus

broad ligaments

pair of ligaments that are from posterior surface of uterus to sacrum and connect uterus to sacrum

uterosacral ligaments

pair of ligaments that are fibromuscular cords that extend from uterus

round ligaments

ligament from posterior surface of uterus to rectum that creates space known as rectouterine pouch

posterior ligament

ligament from anterior surface of uterus to bladder and creates the vesicouterine pouch

anterior ligament

the vagina is about how long? made out of what?

3 in; smooth muscle

what covers the vagina

hymen

4 functions of vagina

1. acts as lower portion of birth canal 2 .transports blood and tissues of menses 3. serves as receptacle for semen 4. provides lubrication

describe the g spot

dime sized area on anterior wall of vagina, series of glands between bladder, urethra, vagina

what is the external part of the vagina known as

vulva

list structures of the vulva

mons pubis, vestibule, labia majora/minora, greater vestibular glands, lesser vestibular glands, clitoris/prepuce

structures of clitoris

glans, clitoral body/shaft, corpora cavernosa, crura, hood, vestibular/clitoral bulbs