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Liver
S: a large gland made up of parenchyma composed of hepatocytes, lobule structure, central vein
F: the hepatocytes that make up the liver have dual secretory and metabolic functions, exocrine secretions (secretory product = bile), endocrine secretions (secreted into blood: albumin, lipoproteins, non-immune alpha and beta globulins, prothrombin, glycoproteins, glucose, triiodothyronine)
L: beneath diaphragm, on top of stomach, right kidney and intestines
Bile
S: made up of: bile salts, cholesterol, phospholipids, bilirubin glucoronide, feces, and electrolytes
F: secretion of the exocrine in liver
L: stored in gallbladder
Bile salts
S: emulsifying agents for lipids
F: makes lipids in the small intestine soluble in tissue fluid and blood
L: reabsorbed in the intestine and recycled by hepatocytes in the liver, bile
bilirubin glucoronide
S: end-product of hemoglobin breakdown, bilirubin detoxification product
F: gives bile and fecal matter their color
L: excreted with feces
Albumin
S: protein
F: responsible for blood osmotic pressure
L: made by liver
Prothrombin
S: protein
F: precursor to thrombin
L: made by liver
Triiodothyronine
S: deiodination product of thyroid hormone, more potent than the original hormone
F: plays vital roles in the body’s metabolic rate, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development and function, and the maintenance of bones
L: secret into bloodstream by the thyroid gland
Gilson’s capsule
S: dense connective tissue, partially covered by a mesothelium
F: covers the surface of the lobes of the liver
L: surface of the lobes of the liver
Septa
S: composed of loose connective tissue
F: penetrate the lobes along with blood vessels
L: encase lobules of liver
Parenchyma
S: composed of hepatocytes
F: functional portion of the liver
L: liver
hepatocytes
S: organized into plates of contiguous cells → appear as two dimension “cords” in microscopic section
F: primary functional cells of the liver
L: liver
Portal area
S: has the branches of portal vein, hepatic artery, interlobular bile duct, and lymphatic vessel
F: a space marking the corners of the classic lobules
L: liver
Hepatic Portal vein
S: the largest vessel in the portal area, large lumen and thin wall of endothelial cells and c.t.
F: brings in venous blood draining from the digestive tract, containing: dissolved nutrients and toxic substances - degrade in the liver
drains blood from the liver
provides 75% of the blood supply to the liver
L: portal area of liver
Hepatic artery
S: small diameter, wall of endothelial cells and smooth muscle
F: pathway for oxygenated blood, provides 25% of the blood supply to the liver
L: portal area of liver
Interlobular duct
S: variable in size, lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
F: secretes fluid with a high concentration of sodium bicarbonate that serves as buffer for acids arriving in the duodenum from the stomach
L: small intestine
Space of mall
S: spaces in the portal connective tissue
F: where lymph collects
L: liver
Portal triad
S: branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct
F: transportation system for blood, nutrients, and gases
L: found in the portal area of the liver
Hepatocytes
S: polygonal cells with centrally located nuclei, organized into plates of cells (chords)
F: primary functional cells of the liver, detect damaged erythrocytes
L: exposed surfaces face sinusoids, bathed by blood in the sinusoids, surfaces in contact with other cells, intercellular space sealed by junction
Sinusoids
S: lined by a discontinuous layer of endothelial cells that form a very leaky lining because: cells have fenestrations, there are large gaps between cells, the basal lamina is discontinuous
F: allows fluid from the blood to bathe the exposed surface of the hepatocytes, allows erythrocytes to come into direct contact with hepatocytes
L: irregularly shaped spaces between the plates of hepatocytes
space of disse
S: space between the endothelial cells and apical surfaces of the hepatocytes
F: occupied by hepatocyte microvilli which increase surface area for absorption, creates a protected space into which hepatocytes absorb molecules and secrete them into the blood
L: liver
Lipocyte
S: adipose cell, Ito cell
F: store vitamin A, may secrete type III collagen → reticular fibers
L: located in space of disse
Bile canaliculus
S: a dilation of intercellular space between the lateral surfaces of adjacent hepatocytes, formed by plasma membrane of adjacent cells, bounded by zonula collides junctions → non-leaky seal, form an anastomosing network
F: where hepatocytes secrete bile
L: connects to the interlobular bile duct
bile ductules (canals of hering)
S: lined by cuboidal epithelium
F: collect bile from numerous canaliculi
L: flow into the interlobular bile ducts of the portal canals
Hepatic sinusoids
S: irregular, endothelial lined space between the sheets of hepatocytes
F: arterial (oxygenated) and venous (oxygen-depleted) blood mix in the sinusoids, venous blood carrying solutes also mix with the arterial blood
L: liver (between sheets of hepatocytes)
Central vein (terminal hepatic venule)
S: terminal hepatic venule
F: drain blood from the sinusoids
L: liver
Sublobular vein
S:
F: collect blood from several central veins
L: liver
Gall bladder
S: hollow, pear-shaped organ adherent to the posterior portion of the liver
Wall= three layer: mucosa, Muscularis Externa, adventitia/serosa
F: stores and concentrates bile
L: adherent to the posterior portion of the liver
Cystic duct
S: short duct
F: bi-directional transport, carries bile to and from gall bladder; joins gallbladder to common hepatic duct
L: liver
Common bile duct
S: very thin tube, about 10-12.5 cm
F: carries bile from the gall bladder and the liver to the pancreas
L: liver
Duodenal papilla (of Vater)
S: common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct at the ampulla of vater, just proximal to the papilla; papilla passes through the wall of the duodenum
F: regulation of bile flow
L: duodenum
Sphincter of Boyden
S: muscular sphincters of smooth muscle
F: when closed forces bile to go to gall bladder, when open allows bile to flow into the ampulla of vater
L: located on the common bile duct
Sphincter of Oddi
S: muscular sphincter of Smooth muscle
F: controls entry of bile and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum
L: located proximally to the papilla of vater
Pancreas
S: elongated organ
F: Dual exocrine and endocrine functions
exocrine = secretion of digestive enzymes into the the pancreatic duct system
endocrine = secretion of hormones into capillaries
L: adjacent to duodenum, tucked under the liver
Exocrine pancreas
S: elongated organ
F: exocrine: secretion of digestive enzymes into the pancreatic duct system
Ex: trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase, phospholipase, lipase, amylase, cholesterol esterase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease
L: tucked under the liver
Endocrine pancreases
S: elongated organ
F: secretion of hormones into capillaries
i.e: insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, pancreatic polypeptide, secretin, motion, substance P
L: tucked under the liver
Islets of Langerhans
S: aggregations of endocrine cells surrounded by exocrine secretory units
Made up of:
A (alpha) cells, B (beta) cells, D (delta) cells, minor cells
F: produces hormone to be used by pancreas
L: pancreas
A (alpha) cells
S: 15-20% of cells
F: secrete glucagon
L: islets of langerhans
glucagon
S: 29 amino acid polypeptide
F: stimulates release of glucose from cells into the blood, stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose
L: pancreas
B (beta) cells
S: 70% of cells
F: secrete insulin
L: islets of langerhans
D (delta) cells
S: 5-10% of cells
F: secrete somatostatin
L: islets of langerhans
minor cells
S: 5% of cells
F: secrete other substance
L: islets of langerhans
Acinar secretory cells
S: typical serous secretory cells, wedge-shaped with a rounded nucleus in the basal half of the cell, basophilic cytoplasm, acidophilic zymogen granules in apical cytoplasm, contain extensive perinuclear rough ER and a prominent apical Golgi
F: synthesize and secrete almost all of the digestive enzymes active in the lumen of the small intestine which are necessary for nutrient digestion
L: exocrine pancreas
Centroacinar cells
S: small epithelial cells in the center of the acinars
F: form the beginning of duct system, allow contact with other cells
L: in the center of the acinar
Intercalated ducts
S: small ducts that drain a single secretory unit, lined with low simple cuboidal epithelium
F: cells also secrete: water, bicarbonate, sodium
Intralobular collecting ducts
S: lined by simple low columnar epithelium, larger ducts are sheathed by a prominent layer of septal c.t.
F: carry secretions to oral cavity
L: located within a single lobule, pancreas
interlobular duct
S: side branches of the main duct(s), lined by simple columnar epithelium
F: buffer acid arriving in the duodenum from the stomach
L: located within the interlobular septa
Pancreatic duct
S: lined by simple to stratified columnar epithelium
F: may contain mucus-secreting goblet cells, may be associated with mucus glands
L: runs the length of the pancreas, terminates at the duodenal papilla of vater
secretin
S: hormone
F: stimulates duct cells to produce water and bicarbonate
L: produced in duodenum
Cholocystokinin
S: linear peptide that is synthesized as a preprohormone
F: stimulates acinar cells to secrete enzyme
L: produced in duodenum
Kupffer cells
S: macrophages, black patches indicated in microscope
F: phagocytose carbon particles
L: hepatic sinusoids of liver
ampulla of vater
S: small opening
F: spot where the pancreatic and bile ducts release their secretions into the intestines
L: enters into the first portion of the small intestine, known as the duodenum
Papilla of vater
S:
F: regulation of bile flow into the duodenum and the prevention of reflux into the bile and pancreatic duct system
L: duodenum
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