MCAT HORMONES

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) promote

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH) promote

growth hormone (GH)

Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) promote

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) promote

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF) inhibit

prolactin

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) promote

development of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males

Luteinizing hormone (LH) promote

ovulation in females and testosterone production in males

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) promote

synthesis and release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

Thyroid-stimulating hormone promote

synthesis and release of triiodothyronine and thyroxine from the thyroid

Prolactin promote

milk production

Endorphins decrease

perception of pain and can produce euphoria

Growth hormone (GH) promote

growth of bone and muscle and shunts glucose to these tissues

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) promote

reabsorption of water in the collecting duct of the nephron, increasing blood volume and decreasing blood osmolarity

• secreted in response to low blood volume or increased blood osmolarity

Oxytocin promote

uterine contractions and milk ejection

• positive feedback loop

Triiodothyronine (T3 ) and thyroxine (T4 ) reset

the basal metabolic rate of the body by making energy production more or less efficient

• alter the utilization of glucose and fatty acids

Calcitonin decreases

plasma calcium concentration

• promote calcium excretion in the kidneys

• decrease calcium absorption in the gut

• promote calcium storage in bone

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases

plasma calcium concentration

• inhibit calcium excretion in the kidneys

• increase calcium absorption in gut

• inhibit calcium storage in bone (increase bone resorption)

Cortisol and cortisone increase

blood glucose by promoting gluconeogenesis and decreasing protein synthesis

Cortisol and cortisone increase decrease

inflammation and immunologic responses

Aldosterone increases

sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the nephron

Aldosterone decreases

potassium and hydrogen ion reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the nephron, promoting their excretion in the urine

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are involved in

sympathetic response

Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase

glycogenolysis, basal metabolic rate, heart rate, dilation of the bronchi, and alter blood flow

Glucagon raises

blood glucose levels by stimulating protein and fat degradation, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis

Insulin lowers

blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake by cells and promoting anabolic processes, like glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis

Somatostatin inhibits

insulin and glucagon secretion

Melatonin regulates

circadian rhythms

Secretin decreases

appetite and stomach acid, stimulate pancreas to release bicarbonate

Gastrin decreases

appetite, stimulates stomach acid secretion

Cholecystokinin decreases

appetite, triggers gallbladder contraction to release bile and the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, aiding fat/protein breakdown

Erythropoietin stimulates

bone marrow to produce erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) promotes

excretion of salt and water in the kidneys in response to stretching of the atria (high blood volume)

Thymosin is important for

proper T-cell development and differentiation