Microbiology

Intro to microbiology, in relation to infectious diseases Mostly the history of microbiology. Also covers smallpox and rabies viruses SORRY GUYS ITS BACKWARDS YOU CAN FIX TH

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae, & helminths

What are the types of microorganisms?

no, but it can create toxins that harm us

Can algae cause disease?

less than 1%

What percent of microbes cause disease?

They create oxygen, recycle nutrients, & they keep us healthy

How are microbes essential to life?

more microbes

Do we have more microbes or human cells in our body?

about 380 trillion

How many viruses do we have in our body?

they feed on microbes in our body, some are harmful but most are beneficial

What do viruses do in our body?

because we had developed vaccines, antibiotics, and had better sanitation

In 1967, it was said that the “war on infectious diseases” had been won. Why did they say this?

because of the AIDS epidemic

In 1998, the “war on infectious diseases” began again. Why were they concerned again?

25%

What percent of all deaths worldwide are due to infectious diseases?

because of the lack of resources, such as sanitation and vaccines

Why do lower-income have more deaths due to infectious diseases?

disability adjusted life years

What does DALY stand for?

pneumonia/influenza

What was the leading cause of death in the US in the year 1900?

heart disease and cancer

Now, what is the leading cause of death in the US?

1 year lost of healthy life

What does 1 DALY equate to?

years of premature death (which is your life expectancy - when you actually died) + years you were disabled

How do you calculate DALYs?

the common cold

What is the most common infection?

it’s a disease where regular, frequent, and timely info regarding individual cases is considered necessary for the prevention and control of the disease

What is a notifiable disease?

chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis

What are some examples of notifiable diseases?

STIs

What type of infection is the US seeing an upsurge of?

rotavirus

What is the most common intestinal illness in children?

(1) People are living longer and thus getting more susceptible to disease, (2) we have a more mobile population and the microbes can travel to different populations, (3) microbes are becoming drug-resistant, (4) there are emerging and re-emerging diseases (often zoonotic), (5) some chronic illnesses can be partially due to microbes, and (6) climate change & natural disasters can disrupt normal ecosystems

Why are we still dealing with infectious diseases? Name a couple reasons (6 possible).

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Who is known as the “father of microbiology”?

he used a microscope to first describe microorganisms, calling them “animalcules”

What did Antonia van Leeuwenhoek do?

health-adjusted life expectancy. it is the number of years someone is expected to live in good heath

What does HALE stand for? What does it mean?

Robert Hooke

Who first discovered cells under the microscope?

He warned people to stay away from marshes and swamps, because there were “invisible animals” that would crawl into your nose and mouth and cause disease.

What words of cautionary advice to Marcus Terentius Varro have for people?

that all living things are made of cells

What does the Cell Theory say?

that life comes from non-living things

What does the Theory of Spontaneous Generation say?

He challenged the theory of spontaneous generation, disproving that maggots just appear in meat, he proved that they come from fly eggs laid on the meat.

What did Fransesco Redi do?

Lazzaro Spallanzani

What scientist attempted to refute John Needham’s findings from his broth experiment?

Louis Pasteur, used swan-neck flasks, in which the air could get in (the “life force” that Needham talked about) but the microbes got stuck in the neck and hence nothing grew in the broth

Who actually refuted the Theory of Spontaneous Generation, and how did he do it?

that Poisonous vapor from decomposing materials causes disease

What did the Miasma Theory of Disease say?

comes from Italian mal’aria, meaning “bad air” because the disease was thought to be caused from miasmas from the swamps (it’s actually from the mosquitoes in the swamps)

Why is the disease malaria called malaria?

she improved the sanitary conditions, she also brought the hospital more food and supplies for the injured, she was known as “the lady with lamp” because she was always checking on her patients during the night

How did Florence Nightingale set the standards for modern-day nursing?

Florence Nightingale

What woman took meticulous records of what soldiers died from, showing that they died more from infection than the actual injuries themselves?

that microbes cause disease

What does the Germ Theory of Disease say?

He wrote about his “seeds of disease” theory, which said there were 3 modes of disease transmission: direct contact, through air, and through inanimate objects.

What did Girolamo Fracastoro do?

determined that people were getting Cholera because they were drinking the contaminated water from the Broad St. pump, and when the closed the pump, there were no new cases

What did John Snow do?

John Snow

Who is known as the “Father of Epidemiology”?

they are used to prove the causative agent of an infectious disease

What’s the purpose of using Koch’s Postulates?

(1) Recognize the specific agent found in every case of the disease, (2) isolate that organism in pure culture, (3) take the pure culture and inoculate into healthy animal & check if it prompts the same disease, and (4) then take the newly sick animal and re-culture the same microbe, checking if it’s the same

What are the steps of Koch’s Postulates?

Robert Koch

Who was the first person to demonstrate the connection between a single, isolated microbe and a known human disease?

Angelina hesse

Who suggested to use agar to grow microbes in Petri dishes?

(1) Sometimes a disease can be caused by more than 1 microbe, (2) sometimes 1 microbe causes many diseases, (3) some microbes cannot be grown in culture, and (4) some diseases lack an experimental animal for testing

What are some exceptions to Koch’s Postulates?

they’re a collection of medical practices that prevent patients from contamination of pathogens

What are aseptic techniques?

because many patients were dying of infection after their surgeries, he began using carbolic acid to sterilize surgical sites and the deaths decreased

What did Joseph Lister do?

he noticed that physicians didn’t wash their hands between surgeries and delivering babies, and many women died from Puerperal fever because of this (as compared to babies delivered by midwives). He proposed that doctors start washing their hands to prevent contamination between patients

What did Ignaz Semmelweis do?

smallpox

What was the first vaccination that we had?

they would take scabs from smallpox, grind them up, and blow it up the nose of people, it decreases the mortality rate from 30% to 1-2%

How would the Chinese prevent people from getting smallpox?

When people take pus from an infected person and put it under the skin of a healthy person, commonly done in Africa & the Middle East

What is variolation (also called inoculation)?

Edward Jenner

Who created the smallpox vaccine?

smallpox

What disease was eradicated by vaccination?

He noticed that milkmen were immune to smallpox, because they had already gotten smallpox, and then he purposefully game cowpox to someone and then it revealed they were then immune to smallpox

How did Edward Jenner come about in creating the smallpox vaccine?

people don’t, only those working in labs

Do people get the smallpox vaccination today? If no, what is the only exception to this rule?

Louis Pasteur

Who developed the vaccine for rabies?

Lady Mary Montagu

Who introduced the idea of variolation of smallpox to England?

1977 in Somalia

When and where was the last case of smallpox?

Who was the first to describe phagocytes by looking at pus under the microscope?

Gerland Edelman & Rodney Porter

Who were the first to describe the structure of antibodies?

it was a medicine that came from bark and was used to treat malaria

What is quinine and what was it used to treat?

Paul Ehrlich

Who discovered the first effective treatment for syphilis?

salvarsan 606

What was the first effective treatment for syphilis?

He was the first to create prontosil, a sulfa drug that was an antibiotic

What did Gerhard Domagk create?

Alexander Fleming

Who discovered penicillin?

Florey, Chain, & Heatley

What 3 men developed penicillin as a medicine?

He developed a drug called streptomycin, which comes from a soil microbe, it was the first drug effective against tuberculosis.

What did Selman Waksman do?

Selman Waksman

Who coined the term “antibiotic”?

viruses

What microbe doesn’t grow on agar, instead inside cells?

viruses

What microbe is too small for light microscopes?

Martinus Beijerinck

Who coined the term “virus”?

Wendell Meredith Stanley, the tobacco-mosaic virus

Who isolated the first virus, and what virus was it?

bacteria & archaea

Which microbes are prokaryotes?

they are often mobile

What is unique about protozoa?

they are photosynthetic

What is unique about algae?

yeast are unicellular, molds & mushrooms are multicellular

Name a unicellular fungi and a multicellular fungi.

helminths

What is the only microbe that actually is an animal?

viruses

What is the only microbe that is acellular?

a virus

What type of microbe causes smallpox?

a virus

What type of microbe causes rabies?

accinating animals, especially dogs

How do we prevent the spread of rabies?

50,000 deaths

How many deaths a year are due to rabies?

through the bite/saliva of infected animals

How is rabies transmitted to humans?

3-12 weeks, although it could be years

What is the incubation of rabies?

100%

What is the fatality rate once symptoms of rabies appear?

to the brain

Where does the rabies virus travel once inside the body?

drooling, convulsions, muscle spasms, numbness, and hydrophobia

What are the symptoms of rabies?

getting the rabies vaccine

How do we prevent getting rabies?

post-exposure prophylaxis

What needs to be done after a possible exposure to rabies?

washing the wound, getting does of the rabies vaccine, and possibly getting doses of rabies antibodies at the site of the wound

What does post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies consist of?