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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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Resumo Gerência de Projeto

Projeto:

  • Ter objetivo;

  • Temporário;

  • Tem início, meio e fim;

  • É único.

PMI:

  • Autoridade global em gerenciamento de projetos;

  • Dividido em capítulos.

Gerente de projetos:

  • Segundo PMI:

    • Pessoa designada para liderar a equipe do projeto;

    • Responsável por alcançar os objetivos do projeto;

    • Facilitar o trabalho da equipe;

    • Entregar dentro do prazo e custos;

    • Adquirir os recursos;

    • Contratar e motivar os integrantes;

    • Gerir os riscos;

    • Criar canais de comunicação;

    • Desenvolver meios de negociação.

Guia PMBOK:

  • Conjunto de conhecimento amplamente reconhecido como BOA PRÁTICA.

  • Áreas de conhecimento: conjunto de processos associados com um tema específico.

  • 10 áreas mais usadas nos projetos:

    • Riscos;

    • Comunicações;

    • Recursos;

    • Qualidade;

    • Custos;

    • Cronograma;

    • Escopo;

    • Integração;

    • Partes Interessadas (stakeholders);

    • Aquisições.

Gerenciamento do escopo:

  • Processos para assegurar que o projeto inclui todo o trabalho necessário, e apenas o necessário, para terminar o projeto com sucesso.

Gerenciamento do cronograma do projeto:

  • Processos necessários para gerenciar o término dentro do prazo.

Gerenciamento dos custos do projeto:

  • Planejamento, estimativas, orçamentos, financiamentos, gerenciamento e controle dos custos, para que o projeto seja terminado dentro do orçamento.

Gerenciamento da qualidade do projeto:

  • Processos para incorporação da política de qualidade da organização com relação ao planejamento, gerenciamento e controle dos requisitos de qualidade do projeto.

Gerenciamento dos recursos do projeto:

  • Identificar, adquirir e gerenciar os recursos necessários para conclusão.

Gerenciamento das comunicações do projeto:

  • Assegurar que as informações do projeto sejam planejadas, coletadas, distribuídas, gerenciadas e monitoradas de maneira apropriada.

Gerenciamento dos ricos do projeto:

  • Condução de planejamento, identificação e análise de gerenciamento de risco, planejamento de resposta, implementação de resposta e monitoramento de risco.

Gerenciamento das aquisições do projeto:

  • Comprar ou adquirir produtos, serviços ou resultados externos à equipe do projeto;

  • Gerenciamento e controle para desenvolver e administrar acordos como:

    • Contratos;

    • Pedidos de compra;

    • Memorandos de entendimento;

    • acordos de nível de serviço internos.

Gerenciamento da integração do projeto:

  • Identificar, definir, combinar, unificar e coordenar os vários processos e atividades de gerenciamento de projeto dentro dos Grupos de Processos de Gerenciamento do Projeto.

Partes interessadas (stakeholders):

  • Algo ou alguém que possa ser afetado, ou sentir-se afetado por uma decisão, atividade, ou resultado de um projeto;

  • Internos: estão dentro da empresa. Ex: acionistas, colaboradores, gestores, etc.

  • Externos: estão fora da empresa. Ex: clientes, concorrentes, fornecedores, governo, etc.

  • Stakeholders primários: são aqueles que exercem influência direta na empresa. Ex: cliente, funcionário, concorrente, investidor, etc.

  • Stakeholders secundários: são aqueles que exercem influência de forma indireta. Ex: governo, imprensa, comunidade, etc.

  • Identificar logo após o termo de abertura ser aprovado, gerente definido e começo da formação da equipe;

  • Cálculo canais de comunicação: n * (n - 1) / 2. N é o número de partes interessadas.

  • Classificar stakeholders (baseado na influência sobre o trabalho do projeto ou equipe):

    • Upward: o gerenciamento sênior da organização executora ou organização cliente, patrocinador e comitê diretivo;

    • Downward; a equipe ou especialistas contribuem com conhecimento ou habilidades em uma capacidade temporária;

    • Outward: grupos de partes interessadas e seus representantes fora da equipe do projeto, como fornecedores, departamentos do governo, o público, usuários finais e reguladores;

    • Sideward: os pares do gerente do projeto, como outros gerentes de projetos ou gerentes médios que estão concorrendo por recursos de projeto escassos ou que colaboram com o gerente do projeto em compartilhamento de recursos ou informações.

  • Nível de engajamentos:

    • Desinformado: sem conhecimento do projeto e impactos potenciais;

    • Resistente: cientes do projeto e dos impactos potenciais, mas resistentes a quaisquer mudanças que possam ocorrer como resultado do trabalho ou dos resultados do projeto. Essas partes interessadas não apoiarão o trabalho ou as saídas do projeto;

    • Neutro: cientes do projeto, mas não apoiam nem resistem;

    • Apoiadora: cientes do projeto e dos impactos potenciais e apoiadoras do trabalho ou de seus resultados;

    • Líderes: cientes do projeto e dos impactos potenciais e engajadas ativamente para garantir que o projeto tenha êxito

  • Gerenciar partes interessadas:

    • Gerenciar conflitos: o gerente deve garantir que os conflitos sejam solucionados de forma oportuna;

    • Consciência cultura: ajuda o gerente e a equipe a comunicar com eficácia, considerando as diferenças culturais e os requisitos das partes interessadas;

    • Negociação: obter apoio ou acordo que apoia o trabalho do projeto ou seus resultados e para solucionar conflitos;

    • Observação/conversação: manter-se atualizado em relação ao trabalho e atitudes dos membros da equipe e outras partes interessadas;

    • Consciência política: entendimento das relações de poder dentro do projeto e ao seu redor.

  • Monitorar engajamento dos stakeholders:

    • Processo de monitorar as relações das partes interessadas do projeto e adaptação de estratégias para engajá-las através da modificação de planos e estratégias de engajamento;

Patrocinador (sponsor):

  • Pessoa ou um grupo que fornece recursos e suporte para o projeto;

  • Responsável pelo sucesso do mesmo.

Atividades:

  • Decomposição dos pacotes de trabalho;

  • Possuem atributos. Ex: ID, nome, predecessoras, sucessoras, etc.

Marcos:

  • Pontos de verificação do andamento;

  • Não tem prazo ou duração;

  • Definido pelo patrocinador ou gerente;

  • Estão da declaração do escopo e no dicionário da EAP.

Caminho crítico:

  • Caminho que requer mais tempo entre início e fim do projeto;

  • Qualquer atraso no caminho causa atraso na entrega do projeto;

  • Atividades com folga zero;

  • Atividades que atrasarem podem causar folga negativa.

Classificação das dependências:

  • Obrigatória: tem que fazer A antes de B;

  • Arbitrária: Preferível fazer A antes de B;

  • Externa: depende do desejo de alguém externo (patrocinador ou governo).

Tipos das dependências:

  • Término-início: início de B depende do fim de A;

  • Início-início: início de B depende do início de A;

  • Término-término: fim de B depende do fim de A;

  • Início-término: fim de B depende do início de A.

Estimar as durações das atividades:

  • Não chutar prazos;

  • Não fazer aumento arbitrário;

  • Não colocar gordura.

Tipos de estimativas:

  • Um ponto: baseada em opinião especializada, informação histórica ou ADIVINHAÇÃO.

  • Análoga (top-down): usar a duração real de uma atividade anterior semelhante + opinião especializada.

  • Paramétrica: relação estatística entre dados históricos e outras variáveis. Ex: 5 desenhos x 5horas/desenho = 25horas.

  • 3 pontos: Pessimista + (4 x Mais provável) + Otimista / 6.

Desenvolver o cronograma (ferramentas e técnicas):

  • Método do caminho crítico: não leva em consideração os recursos, só a sequência de atividades.

  • Método da corrente crítica: leva em consideração os recursos e a sequência de atividades.

  • Espera: esperar X tempo para iniciar próxima atividade após fim da anterior.

  • Antecipação: começar próxima atividade X tempo antes do término da anterior.

  • Compressão: analisar o custo-benefício para reduzir o cronograma. Ex: aprovar horas extras.

  • Paralelismo: fases ou atividades normalmente executadas em sequência são executadas em paralelo.

  • Sistemas para gerência de projeto: MS Project, Gantt project, Tasker, etc.

=== LINKS E ANEXOS ===

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5.0(2)
Explore Top Notes
Chapter 24: Forensic DNA Databases: Tools for Crime Investigation
noteNote
studied byStudied by 10 people
5.0(1)
Introducing Rhetoric: Using the “Available Means”
noteNote
studied byStudied by 58 people
5.0(1)
Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
noteNote
studied byStudied by 55 people
5.0(1)
Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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