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where are the hormones of the hypothalamus stored
hypothalamus
what is the posterior pituitary
downward growth of brain tissue that releases hormones
what is the function of oxytocin
stimulate uterine contractions
what is the function of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
stimulates reabsorption of water within the kidneys
what are the two hormones that the hypothalamus produces
oxytocin and antidiuretic
what bone does the pituitary gland sit in
sella turcica
where is the anterior pituitary
grows up from roof of mouth, produces many hormones
what is the function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates release of thyroid hormone from thyroid gland
what is the function of prolactin (PRL)
stimulates milk production within mammary glands
what is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates release of other hormones from adrenal gland
what is the function of growth hormone (GH)
stimulates growth of most tissues within the body
what is the function of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates oocyte/sperm production within overies/testes
what is the function of luteinizing hormone (LH)
stimulates ovulation from oocyte/stimulates testosterone
what is the function of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
stimulates melanin synthesis in melanocytes
what is the characteristics of thyroid gland
largest gland, inferior to larynx, anterior to trachea, highly vascularized, produces 2 hormones
what are the hormones the thyroid gland produces
thryroid hormone (TH), calcitonin
what is the function of thyroid hormone
stimulates metabolism in most cells
what is the function of calcitonin
decrease calcium levels in body by inhibiting osteoclasts
what are the characteristics of parathyroid glands
4 small nodules on posterior side of thyroid gland
what is the hormone that the parathyroid glands produce
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
what is the function of the parathyroid hormone
increase calcium levels in body by stimulating osteoclast activity
what are the adrenal glands (suprarenal glands)
top of kidneys, broken into different sections
label the layers of the adrenal cortex from superficial to deep
zona glomerulosa> zona fasiculata> zona reticularis > adrenal medulla
what is the main hormone of the zona glomerulosa
aldosterone
what is the function of the zona glomerulosa
stimulates sodium reabsorption in kidneys
what is the main hormone of the zona fasciculata
cortisol
what is the function of the zona fasciculata
stimulates glucose formation in liver
what is the main hormone of the zona reticularis
androgens
what is the function of the zona reticularis
stimulates 'masculinizing' traits
what is the main hormone of the adrenal medulla
epinephrine
what is the function of the adrenal medulla
stimulates sympathetic nervous response
what are the characteristics of the kidneys
urinary organ with some endocrine cells within the organ
what are the hormones that the kidneys secrete
calcitriol and erythropoietin (EPO)
what is the function of calcitriol
stimulates calcium absorption in small intestine
what is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)
stimulates red blood cell formation in bone marrow
what is the characteristics of pancreas
organ below diaphragm and deep to stomach
contains exocrine (secretes enzymes) and endocrine ( hormones
what are the hormones the pancreas secretes
glucagon and insulin
what is the function of glucagon
stimulates liver cells to release glucose into blood (increase glucose levels)
what is the function of insulin
stimulates most cells to uptake glucose from blood (decrease glucose levels)
what are the charatceristics of the thymus
superficial and superior to heart, shrinks as we age
what hormone does the thymus produce
thymosin
what is the function of the thymus
stimulates maturation of T cells (immune cells)
what is the characteristics of the testes
two of them
what is the hormone that testes produce
testosterone
what is the function of testosterone
stimulates maturation of sperm and promotes male secondary sex characteristics
what are the two hormones the ovaries produce
estrogens, progesterone
what is the function of estrogens
stimulates female secondary sex characteristics and oocyte development
what i sthe function of progesterone
maintains uterine lining
what are the characteristics of the endocrine part of the heart
contains some cells within the right atrium
what is the hormone that the heart produces
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
what is the function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
stimulates water and sodium loss by kidneys
what is whole blood made up of
55% plasma, 45% formed elements,
what is plasma made of
water, plasma proteins, antibodies, clotting factors, hormones, nutrients, waste products
what is formed elements made of
blood cells and fragments of cells
- two parts: buffy coat (white blood cells, platelets (1%)
red blood cells (44%)
what do erythrocytes (red blood cells) do
transport oxygen around body
what are the characteristics of RBCs
biconcave disc, no nucleus, contains hemoglobin, 120 day life span
what does hemocrit do
approximate % of RBCs in whole blood
what do luekocytes do
defend the body against pathogens
what are the characteristics of WBCs
2x the size of RBCs, do not contain hemoglobin, contains a nucleus (can do cell repair and survive longer)
what are the 5 major types of leukocytes
neurophils, eosinophil, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
what is the function of neurophils
phagocytize pathogens, release enzymes that target pathogens
what is the function of eosinophils
phagocitize antigen-antibody complexes, release chemical mediators to destroy pasasitic worms
what is the function of basophils
release histamines (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant) during inflammatory or allergic reactions
what is the function of lymphocytes
attack pathogens and abnormal cells, produce antibodies
what are the functions of monocytes
become macrophages when leaving blood, phagocytizie pathogens, debris and dead cells
what are the functions of platelets (thrombocytes)
cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow, help with blood clotting
what are the characteristics of platelets
smallest, dervived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow
where is the heart loctated inside
inside mediastinum (the region of thoracic cavity between lungs)
what are the characteristics of the pericardium
fibrous sac and lining that anchors heart to thoracic cavity, connects to diaphragm
what is the order of the layers of the pericardium superfical to deep
fibrous > parietal > visceral
what are the characteristics of the fibrous pericardium
outer layer of CT
what are the characteristics of the parietal pericardium
contains serous fluid between the visceral/fibrous layer
what are the characteristics of the visceral pericardium
directly attached to heart
what are the three layers of the heart wall superfical to deep
epicardium > myocardium > endocardium
what are the characteristics of the endocardium
inside layer that touches the blood, composed of simple squamous epithelium
what are the characteristics of the myocardium
made up of cardiac muscle tissue, thickest layer
what are the characteristics of the epicardium
composed of simple squamous and areolar and adipose tissue (visceral layer)
what are the characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue
striated muscle, contains contractile cells (muscle fibers connected by intercalated discs), 99% of heart, innervated by autonomic nervous system, forms myocardium
where do veins carry blood
towards heart, mostly deoxygenated
where do arteries carry blood
away from heart, mostly oxygenated
what do valves help do
prevent backflow of blood
what is the fossa ovalis
indentation in right atrium
describe the flow of blood through the heart
Superior and inferior vena cava --> R atrium --> tricuspid valve --> R ventricle --> pulmonary valve --> pulmonary artery --> lungs --> pulmonary vein --> L atrium --> mitral valve --> L ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta
what are the chordae tendinae
"heart strings" that anchor the heart valves to the myocardium
what is the interventricular septum
made of myocardium, divides left from right
what do the papillary muscles do
prevents inversion of atrioventricular valves
what is the ventricular systole
when ventricles are contracting, right and left contratcs at same time, ejects blood, valves slam shut to prevent backflow
what is the ventricular diastole
when ventricles relax, blood moves from artia to ventricles
what is the steps of the conduction system
SA node > AV node > AV bundle > Interventricular septum > Left and right bundle branches > Purkinje fibers > distributed throughout ventricular myocardium
what are the three types of arteries
elastic, muscular, arterioles
what are the characteristics of the elastic arteries
largest, contain elastic protein fibers, stretch and recoil, closest to heart, branch into muscular arteries
what are the characteristics of muscular arteries
thick layer of smooth muscle, innervated with sympathetic NS, vasoconstriction and dilation, controls and maintains BP, branches into arterioles
what are the characteristics of arterioles
smallest, thinner smooth muscle layer, helps with blood flow and pressue, moves into capillaries
what are the characteristics of capillaries
operate in capillary beds, smallest blood vessel, one layer of simple squamous epithelial, allow for exchange of material (waste, nutrients), moves into veins
what are the three types of veins
venules, medium veins, large veins
what are the characteristics of venules
smallest, drains capillaries, companion vessel to arterioles, merge together to form medium veins
what are the characteristics of medium veins
most of named veins, contain valves, companion vessel to muscular artery
what are the characteristics of large veins
ex: superior and inferior vena cava, goes to heart, companion vessel to elastic arteries
what are the three layers of the blood vessel walls (tunic)
tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa
what are the characteristics of tunica interna
innermost layer, simple squamous epithelial, smooth surface for blood to flow against