INR TEST 3

Subgroups

Think of environmentalists. Sometimes they think globally, they don't think of being critical of the government's policies on the environment. They Are now in a subgroup that's worldwide and paying more attention to whether they are burning too much of the Brazilian forest. So the events that are going on in their own countries go ignored. This happens in many groups.

Global turbulence

The early twenty-first century world is characterized by the proliferation of actors, the bifurcation of world politics into state centered and multicentric worlds, the impact of technologies, the globalization of national economies heightening levels of interdependence, the weakening of authority within states, the rise of newly empowered subgroups, and a widening gulf between the developed and less developed worlds.

Centripetal forces

brings things together

Centrifugal forces

takes them apart

Structuralism

Refers to the idea that systems of human interaction function within structural contexts that are permanent.

Polarity

The number of actors and the distribution of capabilities among them

Paradigm

It provides the essential basis for theory. It is like a framework and the canvas for the artist. It is what you take for granted when you conduct research.

Structuration ontology

This term is composed by structure, agents, and system.

Who proposed the clash of civilization?

Samuel P. Huntington

Creator of the “Heartland Theory”

MACKINDER: one of the founding fathers of geopolitics and geostrategy

creator of the Heartland theory

Mackinder

according to the heartland theory, Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland
Who rules the Heartland commands the World Island Eurasia
Who rules the World Island commands the WORLD

TRUE

His analysis of maritime history, particularly British influence, led him to believe that control of the seas, especially strategically important narrow passageways, was imperative to great power status.

Mahan Theory

What is the behavior, how are alliances within a multipolar system?

Shifting alliances. They are not permanent.

Milieu

viewed as a multidimensional system, where the perceptions held by political leaders of environmental conditions (the psycho milieu), and the conditions themselves, were the objects of study and analysis.

Social milieu

culture

physical milieu

geography

Psychomilieu

it can influence human decisions only if human beings perceive factors related to the milieu

Psychoecological

the psychological relation between organism and environment

operational milieu:

such factors can limit individual performance or the outcome of decisions, based on perceptions of the environment.

cognitive behaviorism:

It assumes that a person consciously responds to the milieu through perception.

intersubjective systemic structure

divided into 3 subcategories
Shared understanding
Expectations
Social knowledge

Intersubjective: what we believe or face, or how we see things, is the result of interactions with others since we are little. We create images of things that have to do with our view of things

Intersubjective consensus:

Social processes are embedded in regimes and institutions that produce among relevant actors

Cognitive evolution:

Dramatic evolutionary changes to norms and practices (this can be applied to change in laws made by policy makers)

Epistemic communities:

Elites with a shared understanding of a particular subject who develop a strategy for achieving their goals, play a major innovative role.

Geographic contiguity:

The characteristic in geography of political or geographic land divisions, as a group, not being interrupted by other land of water.

Alexander Wendt proposed three interests termed as “intersubjective systemic structures”:

Shared understanding
Expectations
Social knowledge

What are the three dimensions of cognitive evolution?

Innovation: The creation of new values and expectations
Selection: The extent to which values and expectations became embedded in the minds of the group
Diffusion: The degree to which new values and expectations spread from one group to another.

What are the two focal points when understanding conflict through geography?

Geography as a variable that is especially important in facilitating conflict
The role of geography itself as a source of conflict

The three level of analysis on Kenneth Waltz (chapter five)

War is traceable to the human nature and behavior
War is traceable to the internal structure of the state
War is traceable to the international anarchy

thinkers who have been categorized as bellicist or anti-democratic theorists, we include social darwinists such as

Herbet Spencer
William Graham

Pessimistic philosophers of history:

Bendetto Croce
Oswald Spengler

Forerunners of racist/facist theory

Giovanni Gentile
Houston Stewart Chamberlain

Anarchism:

Doctrine that opposes established political authority in all its forms

They oppose all the oppressive instruments of coercion that they associate with the government (bureaucracies, courts, police, the military, and institutions of private property and religion).
They seek liberation from these and all forms of external constraint on human freedom.

The Russian revolutionary agitator:

Mikhail Bakuniri

Individualist anarchist in America:

Henry David Thoreau

Most two influential pacifist anarchists of modern times:

Leo Tolstoy

pointed out the dramatic changes that happened with the end of the industrial civilization and the beginning of a new postindustrial era. To understand these changes, they divided them into “waves”

Alvin and Heidi Toffler

3 waves

First wave:
Second wave: industrial-age civilization based on factory production that resulted from the industrial revolution, which resulted in urbanization, mass education, mass media, and changes to social structures (family).
The source of cheap labor and mass production.

Third wave: post industrial society based on information-age technologies, with a fast pace of technological and cultural change.
They sell information, engage in innovation, and broaden their range of service (like military protection).

Agrarian societies, production and wealth-generation base where social structure isn’t modern and its population still lives at primitive, subsistence level, with little to no change from how their ancestors lived.
- They provide agricultural products and mineral

first wave

industrial-age civilization based on factory production that resulted from the industrial revolution, which resulted in urbanization, mass education, mass media, and changes to social structures (family).
The source of cheap labor and mass production.

Second wave

post industrial society based on information-age technologies, with a fast pace of technological and cultural change.
They sell information, engage in innovation, and broaden their range of service (like military protection).

third wave

Emmanuel Adler believes that one social construct is replaced by another as knowledge evolves

true

Emmanuel Addler introduced the terms “intersubjective consensus” and “cognitive evolution”

true

Tim Dunne suggested that the two central rules of international society are sovereignty and nonintervention.

true

Lewis F. Richardson’s work shows the relationship between geographic contiguity and war.

(TRUE)

Harvey Starr and Benjamin Most believe that the increase of homeland borders produced less wars

(TRUE)

Starr and Most believe that colonial borders were accompanied by less war

(FALSE)

Feminist Sandra Harding argue that there is a systematic construction of masculinity and femininity, that is little, if at all, constrained by biology.

true

Most social sciences can be roughly divided into two groups, depending on whether they adopt the macro (holistic) or the micro (reductionist) approach to the study of humanity.

true

Gaddis "what maintains a stable system"

For a system to be considered stable it needs to be able to receive inputs and outputs and provide solutions to its problems without shutting down. If a system is stable it should:
- Prevents war outbreaks
- Prevent domination of a single state
- Ensure safety of its members
- Maintain its essential characteristics

parsons moving equilibirium

Moving equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium are the same thing.
He refers to moving equilibrium, which means that the system is constantly receiving inputs, outputs in the form of feedback, and producing new solutions in order to fight against anything threatening to imbalance the system

Give two or three micro theories of conflict and war, preferably on the nature and nurture debate

NATURE
Instinct theories of aggression
Intraspecific aggression
Animal behavior studies
NURTURE
Learned aggression and military training
Socialization, displacement, and projection

Macro theories of conflict and war can be divided in 2. Give an example from each of these two perspectives and explain briefly.

Marxist theory seeks to explain conflict and war through the internal structure, and the way the economy is set up.
Kant, on the other hand, was trying to explain war and conflict through external aspects. He believed that states would be at peace with one another if they were all democracies. There would be freedom for trade, which would facilitate interdependence (democratic peace).

Macro theories of conflict and war can be deivided in 2

those that seek the explanation through war in the internal structure of the state(state level) (liberals and Marxist-Lenninist), and those that search for the explanation in one or more aspects of the international anarchical system (Kant, Rousseau, Waltz).