Elizabethan England GCSE

When was she crowned ?

1559.

Who was her father ?

Henry VIII.

What year was she born ?

1533.

When and why was her mother executed ?

In 1536 because of adultery.

Why was she no longer an heir ?

Her parents marriage was void.

In what year was she made an heir again (after Mary) ?

1544.

At what age did Edward become king ?

Age 9.

Who did Catherine Parr marry when looking after Elizabeth ?

Seymour (Elizabeth's new legal guardian).

Why did Elizabeth not trust men ?

Thomas Seymour acted inappropriately with her.

Who did Edward make heir to the throne instead of Elizabeth or Mary?

Lady Jane Grey.

What date was Mary proclaimed Queen ?

July 19th 1553.

What were the punishments for the rebellion against Mary ?

Wyatt was beheaded and Elizabeth was set to be executed (imprisoned for 8 weeks in the bell tower).

Why wasn't Elizabeth ever executed after the rebellion against Mary ?

She covered her tracks so there was no evidence.

Why was Mary's nickname Bloody Mary ?

During her reign 300 people were executed.

Why did Elizabeth wear a ring ?

A symbol of marriage to her country.

What does the symbol of a pelican show ?

Elizabeth will sacrifice her life for her people and her Church.

What does the symbol of a Tudor rose show ?

Elizabeth's regal status and her right to the throne.

What does the symbol of a Fleur-de-lis show ?

Elizabeth's claim to the throne of France which she did not renounce.

What does the symbol of cherries show ?

Sweetness, the fruits of paradise and the delights of the blessed.

What does the symbol of a thornless rose show ?

Virgin Mary -> virgin queen, married to her country.

What does the symbol of a fan of feathers show ?

Imported from the new world it shows England's overseas expansion.

What dogloves symbolise ?

Elegance, show off her hands.

What does an ermine symbolise ?

Elizabeths virtue and purity.

What do clothing and jewels symbolise ?

Reflect her power (white dress and pearls represent chastity).

What does the Phoenix symbolise ?

Protestant churches rise from the flames of Mary's reign.

What does a rainbow symbolise ?

Illustrates peace.

What do eyes and ears symbolise ?

Her ability to see and hear all.

What does a drive symbolise ?

Her virginity and innocence.

What problems did Elizabeth face in terms of religion at the start of her reign in 1558 ?

- all the religious change that had happened since Henry ruled was appearing to lead to a civil war.

- however the country was currently catholic and Elizabeth was Protestant.

What problems did Elizabeth face in terms of government at the start of her reign in 1558 ?

Monarchs were expected to pay to run the country and Mary had left her £250,000 of debt due to a war with France.

What problems did Elizabeth face in terms of relation with other countries at the start of her reign in 1558 ?

England was going to be Protestant and all of the surrounding countries were catholic and a lot stronger than England was at that time.

Why must historians not 100% believe what is portrayed in propaganda ?

That's the way the country's leader wanted to be viewed they may not have necessarily been the way they are portrayed.

What is the court ?

Wherever the queen happened to be and was made up of people ranging from servants to courtiers.

Where does the court travel to and why ?

Moved every few weeks as the palace needed to be "aired and sweetened", so it didn't become unhygienic and they also travelled for the progresses.

Why would people want to be part of the court ?

- gain power.

- influence.

- large income.

- access to palace.

Why would the queen want a court ?

- They would do everything for her.

- bought her the latest fashions.

- they would complement her.

What was the entertainment at court like ?

- jousting.

- dancing.

- poetry reading.

- dramatic performances.

- hunting.

- riding.

- banqueting.

- concerts.

What would the queen do on a typical day ?

Dinner served at 5-6. Sometimes attend entertainment in the Presence Chamber or read and sign state papers in her Privy Chamber.

What was expected of a male courtier ?

- graceful and courteous in manner and discourse.

- well educated in classical works of literature, history, geography, mathematics and languages.

- athletic.

- industrious.

- generous.

- witty.

What rules and etiquette were expected at court from men and women ?

- could not turn your back in the queen (often meant walking backwards).

- female courtiers must be up to date on fashion but not outdo the queen.

Who was Sir Christopher Hatton ?

(1540-1591). Caught Elizabeth's eye with his dancing and was quickly one of her favourites. Studied at oxford university. Known for urging moderation in treatment of Catholics and protestants. Had previous experience in government. He organised the queens progresses and helped her pass laws.

When was sir Christopher Hatton appointed captain of the queens bodyguard ?

1572.

When was Hatton knighted and made a privy councillor ?

1577.

When was Hatton made lord chancellor ?

1587.

Who was Sir Henry Lee ?

(1533-1611). Another of Elizabeth's favourites. He was: master of the leash, master of the armoury and the queens champion until his retirement in 1590.

Who were some of her famous courtiers ?

- Robert Dudley.

- Robert Devereux.

- William Cecil.

- Francis Walsingham.

Who was Robert Dudley ?

- English.

- Puritan.

- son of the duke of Northumberland.

- in charge of army.

- one of Elizabeth's favourites.

- they met when he was imprisoned in the Tower of London at the same time as her.

What problem did Dudley face in 1560 ?

- his wife died ( Amy Robsart).

- rumoured to have poisoned her then killed earl of Essex to marry his widow.

- he was investigated for murder.

Who were the main people in her privy council ?

- Sir William Cecil, Lord Burghley.

- Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester.

- Sir Christopher Hatton.

- Sir Francis Walsingham.

- Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex.

Who was Sir William Cecil ?

He was a loyal and hardworking Protestant who was appointed to look after the queens lands, lord treasurer and Secretary of State. Well educated at grammar school, studies at Cambridge university. He knew about government business and wasn't afraid to disagree with the queen.

Who was Robert Dudley ?

He was the youngest son of the duke of Northumberland. He was hardworking and was well educated at a grammar school. He was Puritan and Elizabeth was very fond of him (childhood friend). He was ambitious and in control of her army however he did not like Cecil.

Who did Elizabeth call her "sweet robin" ?

Robert Dudley.

Who was Sir Francis Walsingham ?

Strong puritan from Kent who went to Cambridge. He travelled abroad when working with foreign affairs and was in charge of the secret service. He fled when Mary was crowned came back when Elizabeth was. Distant relative of Anne Boleyn.

Who was Robert devereux?

The son do the earl of Essex and stepson if the earl of Leicester. Hardworking Protestant who studied at Cambridge. He was knowledgable however was a drunk and a gambler who was executed for treason in 1601.

What's a benefit of having a small PC ?

Large councils caused disorder and confusion, less people to control.

Why would Elizabeth make her decisions in private ?

So that it appeared she made the final decision as they couldn't object and she could take credit if it went well or blame the PC if it went wrong.

What's a benefit of creating rivalries in the PC ?

They would compete to be better courtiers. They would argue with each other and not her.

Why would Elizabeth be rude to the PC ?

So that they realised she was in charge and to keep them in order.

Why did the queen not marry archduke Charles of Austria in 1567 ?

Because Dudley (Leicester) used Protestantism against Charles as he was catholic.

Why was there a debate about wether to send troops to the Netherlands in 1578 ?

Leicester and Walsingham joined forces against Burghley and they ultimately won when Elizabeth decided to send troops, however Burghley's group commanded the queens support.

Why did Elizabeth not marry the french duke of alençon in 1579 ?

Cecil declared it better than no marriage even though he was Catholic, but Dudley didn't agree and through the use of sermons and pamphlets he killed the idea.

How did Cecil act towards the end of her reign ?

His impatience led him to exploit the patronage system as a means to gain prizes for himself and his followers and reduce Essex's influence.

How did Robert devereux act in court ?

He was openly aggressive and jealous of the other men especially Cecil, he wanted to control royal patronage and appoint his friend to government and court positions.

In what year did Essex openly plot a rebellion ?

1601.

How many times during her reign did Elizabeth summon her parliament ?

13 times.

How did Elizabeth control her parliament ?

- she could close parliament.

- she could veto bills.

- she could stop the discussion of certain matters e.g. Marriage.

- she appointed the speaker for House of Commons and decided which MP's could speak.

Why would she call on her parliament ?

- to pass laws.

- to raise taxes.

She makes sure several of her PC were in the HOL or HOC to help her win support.

What is HOL ?

House of Lords.

What is HOC ?

House of Commons.

What three special privileges did MP's think that they had ?

- freedom of speech.

- freedom from arrest.

- freedom to discuss theories and ideas for new laws.

How many people were in HOL ?

100 lords, bishops and judges.

How many people were in HOC ?

450 men* , mostly gentry who owned land, some lawyers, merchants and government officials. Elected by landowners and wealthy men,nobody from lower classes.

Why did she gather the parliament in 1559 and what happened ?

They helped her pass laws to create a new Protestant church. They asked her to marry soon, she gave a vague reply and closed parliament.

Why did she gather parliament in 1563 and what happened ?

To approve taxes to pay for military help, they passed a law that said apprenticeships must last 7 years. They asked her to marry, she gave a vague answer and closed parliament.

Why did she gather parliament in 1566 and what happened ?

Agreed to taxes to pay for army Elizabeth sent to France. A few MP's threatened to refuse taxes until she agrees to marry. She told them off then closed parliament.

Why did she gather parliament in 1571 and what happened ?

MP's agreed to taxes to pay for defeating rebellion in the north, they passed a law against the pope and traitors. Walter Strickland introduced a bill to replace the prayer book and make other changes to the church. Elizabeth was angry and shut parliament.

Why did she gather parliament in 1572 and what happened ?

A catholic plot against the queen has been discovered and they were discussing her safety. They believed Mary of Scots was involved and demanded she be executed. Elizabeth refused and closed parliament.

Why did she gather parliament in 1576 and what happened ?

They agreed to taxes. Peter Wentworth complained that MP's couldn't discuss anything that they wanted. He was imprisoned for one month and Elizabeth closed parliament.

Why did she gather parliament in 1581 ?

MP's approved taxes to pay for an army Elizabeth had sent to Ireland they passed laws to punish Catholics, then Elizabeth closed parliament.

Why did she gather parliament in 1584-1585 and what happened ?

Another plot was discovered, they agreed to punish anyone who would benefit from her death, they passed a law to punish catholic priests and granted some taxes.

Why did she gather parliament in 1586-1587 and what happened ?

War had broken out with Spain and another plot was discovered to kill the queen, they granted taxes for the war, they demanded changes in the church before they agreed to more taxes, she ordered checks in the clergy and then closed parliament.

Why did she gather parliament in 1589 and what happened ?

MP's approached taxes to pay for cost of defeating the Spanish Armada, some complained about PURVEYANCES Elizabeth said she would look into it but it wasn't their concern she then closed parliament.

Why did she gather parliament in 1593 and what happened ?

MP's granted taxes to pay for war against Spain and passed a law to punish catholics Peter Wentworth wanted Elizabeth to name her successor, she imprisoned him (he died in 1597) then closed parliament.

Why did she gather parliament in 1597-1598 and what happened ?

MP's agreed to taxes they passed the Elizabethan poor law, some MP's complained about monopolies, she said she would look into their complaints and closed parliament.

Why did she gather parliament in 1601 and what happened ?

MP's approved taxes for the war against Spain and the cost of sending armies to Ireland. They complained about monopolies again, she agreed to cancel some monopolies, she made a long "golden speech" to flatter them and then closed parliament.

Robert Devereux as a marriage prospect ?

Born into a wealthy family, Protestant, English, intelligent and skilled. However he had enemies in court, committed treason and was a womaniser and a gambler.

Robert Dudley as a marriage prospect ?

Born into wealthy family, he was puritan, was a noble English man, childhood friend, good looking and skilled. However he hated the Cecil family, rumoured murderer and had a bad family name.

Phillip of Spain as a marriage prospect ?

He was Ling of Spain, Portugal, Naples and Sicily and was duke of Milan, he had a close relationship with the pope, Spain would become an alliance however France would become an enemy and he was catholic so her country would change religion.

Francis duke of alencon as a marriage prospect ?

Son of king Henry of France, had many estates, he was only 24 and was catholic and strongly against English Protestantism, France would become and Allie and Spain an enemy, leaflet against the marriage published.

What are some reasons for Elizabeth to marry ?

- the country would trust a man more.

- bring wealth.

- bring alliances.

What was the role of the JP ?

There were 40 in each county and their work was voluntary, they were given laws to carry out and enforce.

What was the role of the lord lieutenant ?

A wealthy noble who kept the queen informed in what was going on around the country, there was one in each county, had to keep part time soldiers trained ready for emergencies and keep law and order.

What sort of jobs did JP's do ?

- punish robbers, thieves & vagabonds.

- command the queen upon suspicion of war.

- take people who refused to work to trial.

- increase prices when people had too much corn.

- carry out orders from the queen and her privy council.

- collect tax.

- progresses

- alcohol licensing.

What did Elizabeth appoint voluntary JP's to enforce law ?

She didn't want to stray far from London or do the work herself, she could effectively control them and she couldn't afford to pay them.

How did rising population in 1600 effect poverty ?

There were more people to feed but insufficient food. This wasn't due to any one person and couldn't be prevented however Elizabeth did nothing to help.

How did widespread inflation effect poverty ?

People could not afford goods and so fell ill/ died which had an effect on the UK. It was all across Europe and could not be controlled. Elizabeth did nothing to help.

How did Spain conquering areas of Central and South America effect poverty ?

Gold and silver mines were discovered and so Spain was richer and increased food prices which England couldn't afford.

How did Henry going to war effect levels of poverty ?

He melted down coins and put less precious metal in is he could have more money but it was worth less and people couldn't afford food prices which were rising. In 1560-61 Elizabeth took in all debased coins and put more precious metals in, in an attempt to help.

How did several bad harvests effect levels of poverty ?

Farmers needed to make money and so put food prices up which people could afford.

How did a shift from crop to sheep farming effect poverty ?

There were food shortages as the farmers mainly cared about making money and not that people didn't have enough food to eat.