uark exercise physiology exam 3

roles of the cardiovascular system:

-a pump that provides continuous linkage with the other three components

-a high-pressure distribution circuit

-exchange vessels

-a low-pressure collection and return circuit

are arteries oxygenated or deoxygenated?

oxygenated

are veins oxygenated or deoxygenated?

deoxygenated

left and right ventricles

where blood leaves the heart

left and right atria

-where blood enters the heart

-right atria is deoxygenated

what is the average stroke volume?

70 ml/beat

how is cardiac muscle organized?

intercalated discs

what happens to average stroke volume with training?

the heart can enlarge with training, which increases how much blood beats per minute

skeletal

what type of muscle is this

cardiac

what type of muscle is this

smooth

what type of muscle is this

location/activity/stimulation of skeletal muscle

muscles (biceps)/ strong, quick, intermittent/voluntary

location/activity/stimulation of cardiac muscle

muscle of heart/ strong, quick, rhythmic/involuntary

location/activity/stimulation of smooth muscle

hollow places, blood vessels/ weak, slow, rhythmic/ involuntary

diastole

-relaxation of the heart

-mitral and tricuspid valves open

-pulmonary and aortic valves close

systole

-contraction of the heart

-pulmonary and aortic valves open

-mitral and tricuspid valves close

tricuspid valve

right atrium to right ventricle

mitral/bicuspid valve

left atrium to left ventricle

semilunar valves

prevents blood back wash

what can happen (2) when there is blood back wash

stroke, heart attack

what is the difference for heart attacks between no oxygen and obstructed artery

obstructed artery- recoverable; no oxygen in the arteries- fatal

what are coronary arteries?

any artery that provides blood to the heart

steps of blood flow

1) right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from body's tissues

2) blood passes through the tricuspid (AV valve) to the right ventricle

3) right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary artery

4) oxygenated blood from pulmonary vein returns to the left atrium

5) blood passes through the bicuspid (mitral) valve to the left ventricle

6) left ventricle ejects blood through the aortic (semilunar) valve into the aorta for transport in the systemic circuit

the bigger the tubule, the (less/more) pressure, and (lower/higher) velocity of blood travel

the bigger the tubule, the less pressure, and higher velocity of blood travel

do we spend more time in systolic or diastolic?

we spend 33% more time in diastolic

blood pressure =

cardiac output * total peripheral resistance (mmHg)

what is blood pressure?

-the pressure being placed on vasculature

-changes depending on where you measure

-typically measured at brachial artery (easy access + consistency)

what is cardiac output?

how much the heart beats in 1 minute

MAP (mean arteriole pressure) =

diastolic BP +[0.333 (systolic - diastolic)]

What is systolic pressure?

Top number in blood pressure. Amount of pressure heart generates when pumping blood throughout arteries.

What is diastolic pressure?

Bottom number, amount of pressure in arteries when heart is at rest between beats.

which is weighted more heavily, diastolic or systolic?

diastolic

too much/high blood pressure

-sign of cardiovascular disease

-above 140 mmHg systolic + 90 mmHg diastolic

what is considered too high for blood pressure

140+

what is considered too low for blood pressure

90

too little/low blood pressure

-passing out (more common in women)

-orthostatic hypotension

-internal bleeding

hypertension effects on:

-blood vessels

-brain

-heart

-kidneys

-blood vessels: vascular hypertrophy

-brain: blood clot-> aneurysm-> stroke

-heart: left ventricular hypertrophy

-kidneys: kidney failure

how do muscles help blood flow?

muscles can help blood flow into the right directions

how long should you keep your body moving after exercise to give the heart time to calm down?

5 mins

cardiac output =

HR * stroke volume

what happens when we max out C.O.

we have to rely on heart rate

units of C.O.

L/min

what are the 2 sympols for cardiac output

Q (older), and CO (newer)

cardiac output is proportional to what

the metabolic rate of intensity

Fick's law -->

VO2 = ( A-V O2 difference) * cardiac output

A-V O2 difference

oxygen transport from circulation to muscles

when starting exercise, what increases first/second?

stroke volume and then HR

what is preload?

ventricular filling (left ventricle)

end diastolic volume

amount of blood in ventricle before ventricular contraction

Frank Starling Principle

Within normal physiological limits, the force of contraction is directly proportional to the initial length of the muscle fiber"

aka the more blood goes into the heart, the more blood comes out of the heart

what is the frank starling principle explaining

the length tension relationship to the heart; stretch heart-> more blood-> more stroke volume

to increase arterial O2 capacity, what must happen?

increase exercise intensity

how does diastolic and systolic blood pressure change during exercise?

-systolic blood pressure increases -> cardiovascular responses

-diastolic blood pressure is not expected to change/will go down a little

cardiovascular responses to exercise in order:

-increase stroke volume + greater left ventricle

-increase heart rate

-increase in CO2

-increased systolic blood pressure and MAP

-increased arterial compliance

-increased blood pressure

where does blood move when exercising?

to the muscles

the left ventricle becoming larger, increases the _________________

stroke volume

overall effects of exercise on heart

increased systole, HR and SV

cardiovascular adaptations to excerise are designed to maximaze ____

the amount of oxygenated blood delivered to the muscle

what are the 5 CV adaptations to exercise

-more gas exchange-> more capillaries

-more blood to heart-> more SV-> larger left ventricle

-more time for blood to fill the heart-> lower HR

-when SV increases, CO stays the same then HR decreases

-increased circulation-> decreases BP

what are the 3 training adaptations to the heart

-larger left ventricle -> larger SV

-angiogensis-> more capillaries

-more mitochondria-> more oxygen

blood pressure increases with increased exercise intensity

what is happening in this image

A- right pulmonary arteries

B- superior vena cava

C- SA node

D- AV node

E- inferior vena cava

F- Purkinje fibers

G- aorta

H- left pulmonary artery

I- AV bundle (bundle of His)

J- Purkinje fibers

K- left bundle branch

L- right bundle branch

label this diagram

Q; QRS; P; PR interval

label each complex left to right

VO2 max

what happens at the star

A- Y

B- 1

C- 2

D- 3

E- X

label the diagram

why are there differences in resting heart rate?

-Fitness, age, genetics, and autonomic tone differ between people.

-Medications, stress, or illness can raise or lower baseline HR.

Why are there differences in HR at the same intensity?

- Fitter individuals need a lower HR to meet the same workload (higher stroke volume).

- Environmental factors or individual efficiency change HR response.

-Each person reaches a different max HR and max workload.

-Test stops when the individual reaches their personal limit.

Why do the lines end at different places?

- Lines would be more similar because intensity is normalized (%VO₂max).

- They would all end at 100% VO₂ max instead of at different absolute values.

How may this graph look different if the oxygen consumption were relative to the overall VO2 max?

baroreceptors

-get activated with tiny alterations in pressure

-when activated, they decrease heart rate

-one of the main blood supplies to the head

carotid artery

-one of the biggest tubes that delivers blood to the brain

-don't take a persons heart rate here!!!

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight

catecholamines

-epinephrine and norepinephrine

-what caffeine releases in the body

-increases SA node activation

-increases vasoconstriction

parasympathetic nervous system

rest and digest

when acetylcholine is released in cardiac tissue, what happens? everywhere else?

chill down factor, excitatory factor

during exercise what system is taking over?

sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)

after exercise what system takes over?

parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest)

electrocardiogram

measures the electricity of the heart to determine heart health

p-wave; atrial depolarization

name and what is happening

PR interval; conduction delay at AV node

name and what is happening

QRS complex; ventricular depolarization

name and what is happening

T-wave; ventricular repolarization

name and what is happening

myocardial infarction

what happens when there is no S or T wave

S-wave; isoelectric ventricle segment

name and what is happening

A-VO2 difference

what is this graph showing

heart rate

what is this graph showing

Endurance athletes have the lowest because they have a stronger stroke volume

who has the lower heart rate and why

VO2 max

-maximal volume of oxygen an individual can uptake and utilize

-aerobic capacity

-key indicator of aerobic fitness/health

-units: mL/kg/min or L/min

stroke volume

what is this graph showing

in an ECG, a lead is what and an axis is what

lead: connection between 2 electrodes

axis: imaginary line connecting 2 electrodes

blood oxygen content

what is this graph showing

what are limb leads

measures voltage difference at limb electrodes; right leg is the grounding electrode

cardiac output

what is this graph showing

what are the chest leads and what do they measure

V1-V6; measure voltage in individual chest leads compared to limb leads

what is VO2 max and its units

maximal oxygen consumption; mL/kg/min

determinants of VO2 max

-sex

-training

-genetics

VO2 max: sex

-muscle mass (greater in men)

-lung size (greater in men)

-heart size (greater in men)

-hemoglobin (men contain more than women)

VO2 man: training

-larger left ventricle -> larger SV

-angiogensis-> more capillaries

-more mitochondria-> more oxygen

VO2 max: genetics

-fiber type

-mitochondria

-vascular content

-size (heart, lungs, etc.)

VO2 peak

highest amount of oxygen consumed during a specific exercise session