S-ITCS329 MODULE 2 PART 2

Inequality = Digital Divide

- The adoption of the Internet and other ICTs have not been uniform throughout the world.

- This inequality is often referred to as the ______ _______.

Digital Divide

refers to the disparities in the penetration of the Information Society in terms of access and use of Information and Communications Technologies. It is the gap between those who have access to the Information Society and those who are deprived of such access.

Information and Communications Technology for Development (ICT4D, ICTD)

The field that is most directly concerned with addressing issues such as the digital divide is called ______ _____ ______, which draws theories, techniques, methods, and tools for several disciplines, including computer science, information systems, information technology, social science, and economics, and any task-specific domain experts relevant to a project (e.g., water engineers, film & media professionals).

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

• There are also digital divides within societies • Generational divide in the use of technology, depending on societal norms, a hierarchy in who gets to access a shared computer or phone (e.g men first, then women)

• Internet use between people over 60 years of age and under 30 years of age • Physical ability constraints

• In cases such as this, governments tend to intervene. __________________ can be used, in America, in forcing a company to offer an accessible website. For people with reduced visual abilities, screen readers can be used and, meanwhile, trained as well.

Trashware

rich countries using poor countries as dumping sites for their old infrastructure to avoid costs associated with responsible disposal of infrastructure

Developer Biases, Assumptions, and Values

- The designers of software have certain preconceptions about the users of their software, stemming from implicit assumptions or from what came out of the requirements engineering phase of the software development process.

- Developers tend to came out of the requirements engineering phase of the software development process. Likewise, developers tend to come with their own expectations about the audience for which they are building software.

Huff and Cooper

Developer Biases, Assumptions, and Values

This phenomenon has been studied by ________ __ _________; the authors studied the impact of a designer's views on educational software for children. They found that designers tend to create gamified tools for boys and learning tools for girls. It is likely that the difference came from an assumption that the educators/designers made based on their experience with teaching children.

girls

Thus ______ may be disadvantaged when using generic educational software.

Eastman Kodak Company

- producer of photography products, used Shirley cards to balance skin tone in still photograph during the printing process

- This meant that photos of people who did not have fair skin were not properly balanced.

- 1954 federal govt stepped in to change the Kodak monopoly

Web 2.0

Modified True or False

Web 3.0 describes World Wide Web sites that emphasize user generated content, usability, and interoperability.

Web 2.0

_________ describes World Wide Web sites that emphasize user generated content, usability, and interoperability. • It is not a technical update but rather refers to an emerging way in which the web is used.

Semantic Web (Web 3.0)

• The _____ ______ is an extension of the web standards by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and refers to W3C's vision of the Web of linked data and knowledge.

• ____ ____ technologies enable people to create data stores on the Web, build vocabularies, and write rules for handling data.

Internet governance

_______ can be defined as the evolving policies and mechanisms under which the Internet community's many stakeholders make decisions about the development and use of the Internet.

Internet governance

____ _____ covers a wide range of issues, from day-to-day technical and operational workings of the Internet to public policy issues such as combating crime on the Internet, freedom, privacy, access to knowledge and other aspects of the internet affecting human rights. what is known as internet public policy, as well as technical governance.

1. combating crime on the Internet,

2. freedom

3. privacy

4. access to knowledge and other aspects of the internet affecting human rights. what is known as internet public policy

5. technical governance.

Internet governance covers a wide range of issues,

from day-to-day technical and operational workings of

the Internet to public policy issues such as (5).

I* (I-star)

The _______ group of organizations is a loose term to describe organizations that share responsibilities for coordinating the Internet technical infrastructure.

APNIC

The I* (I-star) group of organizations is a loose term to describe organizations that share responsibilities for coordinating the Internet technical infrastructure. _____ collaborates with these organizations as part of the global Internet ecosystem.

Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)

Within their respective regions, ____ such as APNIC provide services for the administration, management, distribution and registration of Internet number resources, specifically IPv4 addresses, IPv6 addresses, and Autonomous System numbers.