BioSci 107 Cells and Tissues

How many different main tissue types?

Four basic ones

What are the six levels of structural organization?

1. Chemical level

2. Cellular level

3. Tissue level

4. Organ level

5. System level

6. Organismal level

What does the tissue level do?

Collects groups of different cells, primarily those in similar functions

What do we note in cellular?

Size, shape and other features

What are the tissue types?

1. Epithelial

2. Muscle

3. Connective

4. Nervous

How many different tissues in the organ level?

Two or more joined together to provide a function.

How many different organs in the system level?

There are 11

What are the different parts in the system level?

1. Salivary glands

2. Mouth

3. Pharynx

4. Esophagus

5. Stomach

6. Liver

7. Pancreas

8. Gallbladder

9. Large intestine

10. Small intestine

How many levels of Structural Organization?

There are 6.

What are the different Structural levels?

1. Chemical

2. Cellular

3. Tissue

4. Organ

5. System

6. Organismal

How may body systems are there?

There are 11

What does MURDER LINCS stand for?

1. Muscular

2. Unrinary

3. Reproductive

4. Digestive

5. Endocrine

6. Respiratory

7. Lymphatic

8. Integumentary

9. Nervous

10. Cardiovascular

11. Skeletal

Can some organs belong to more than one system?

Yes, eg The pancreas belong to digestive and endocrine

What are the three major components of the Integumentary?

1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

3. Hypodermis

What does epidermis do?

1. Protect surface

2. Protects tissue

3. Produces vit D

What are the components of the dermis?

1. Hair follicles

2. Hairs

3. Sabceous Glands

4. Sweat Glands

5. Nails

6. Sensory Receptors

What does the dermis do?

“Feeds” epidermis; strength; glands

What does the hair follicles do?

Sensation from innervation

What does the hairs do?

Protection

What do the sebaceous glands do?

Lubricates hair shaft and epidermis

What do the sweat glands do?

Thermoregulation - sweating

What do the nails do?

Stiffen and protect digits

What do the sensory receptors do?

Detects sensation - touch

What does hypodermis do?

Fat stores - attaches skin to deeper layers

What are the two major components of the muscular system?

1. Skeletal muscles

2. Tendons and aponeuroses

What are the components of the skeletal muscles?

1. Axial muscles

2. Appendicular muscles

What does the skeletal muscles do?

1. Skeletal movement controls entrances and exits e.g digestive, respiratory and unrinary

2. Produces heat - shivering

3. Support - skeleton

4. Protect - soft tissue

What does the axial muscles do?

Provides support and positioning of body and axial skeleton - holds posture

What do the appendicular muscles do?

Supports and moves limbs - arms and legs

What does the tendons and aponeuroses do?

Translates movement to skeleton - e.g flexion and extension

What is a tendon?

Fibrous rope like connections between muscles and bone

What is an aponeuroses?

Sheet like, most often muscle to muscle connection; also to bone

What are the 2 major components of the skeletal system?

1. Bones, joints, cartilage and ligaments

2. Bone

What are the 2 components of the bones, joints, cartilage and ligaments?

1. Axial skeleton

2. Appendicular skeleton

What is the function of the bones, joints, cartilage and ligaments?

Cartilage: Bone interfaces (blue) - joining parts of two bones

There are types; hyaline (ribs, joints) and fibro (discs)

What does the axial skeleton do?

1. Protects brain and spinal cord, sense organs and soft tissues of thorax - lungs, heart etc

2. Supports body weight over lower limbs

What does the appendicular skeleton do?

Provides internal support and positioning on external limbs; supports and enables limbs; supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton

What does the bone do?

Stores minerals, is hollow and contains bone marrow

What are the different bone marrows?

1. Red

2. Yellow

What does the red bone marrow do?

Red cell production (flat bones) - pelvis, sternum, skull, ribs; lose some of this with aging

What does the yellow bone marrow do?

Stores fat cells - found medullary cavity of long bones; gain with aging; yellow to red after major bleeding.

What are the main components of the nervous system?

1. Central nervous system (CNS) (grey)

2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) (yellow)

What are the main components of the CNS?

1. Brain

2. Spinal cord

3. Special senses

What does the CNS do?

Control centre - short term control over other systems

What does the brain do?

Complex intergrative activites - controls voluntary and involuntary activities

What does the spinal cord do?

Relays information to and from brain, perfroms less complex intergrative activties (reflec arc)

What do the special senses do?

Optic n CNS; Sensory input to the brain relating to hearing, smell and taste amd equilibrium are PNS but processing is CNS

What does the Perpheral Nervous system do?

Links the CNS with other systems and sense organs

What are the main components of the endocrine system?

1. Pineal Gland

2. Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland

3. Thyroid gland

4. Parathyroid gland

5. Thymus

6. Adrenal glands

7. Kidneys

8. Pancreas

9. Gonads

What is the Pineal Gland?

Day night rhythms (melatonin)

What does the hypothalamus/pituitary gland do?

Control many other endocrine glands, regulates growth and fluid balance

What does the thyroid gland do?

Controls metabolic rate

What is the parathyroid gland for?

Calcium levels

What is the thymus for?

Maturation of lymphocytes

What is the adrenal glands for?

Water and mineral balance, tissue metabolism, cardio and resp function

What are the kidney’s for?

RB cell production, blood pressure up and calcium levels

What is the pancreas for?

Glucose control

Gonads

Sexual characteristics and reproduction

What is IGF?

Insulin- like growth factor (hormone)

What is gigantism?

Too much GH from childhood

What is Acromegaly?

Too much GH as an adult (tumor growing slowly as an adult)

Can acromegaly be cured?

Yes, can be removed through surgery

What are the main components of the lymphatic and immue system?

1. Lymphatic vessels

2. Lymphatic fluid

3. B cells and T cells

4. Lymph nodes

5. Spleen

6. Thymus

What do the lymphatic vessels do?

Contractile vessels. Carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of cardiovascular system

What is lymphatic fluid?

1. Lipids from gut

2. Fluid from tissues

What are B cells and T cells

Cells that carry out immune responses

What do the lymph nodes (including tossils tho?)

Monitor composition of lymph

Defence: Engulf pathogens

Stimulate immune response

What does the spleen do?

1. Monitors circulation blood cells

2. Engulfs pathogens

3. Recycle RB cells

4. Produces immune responses

5. Like are large lymph node

What does the thymus do?

Control development and maintenance of the T cell lymphocytes

What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?

1. Heart

2. Blood vessels

3. Arteries

4. Capillaries

5. Veins

6. Blood

What does the heart do?

Propels blood and maintains blood pressure

What do the arteries do?

Conduits: From heart to capillaries

What do the capillaries do?

Diffusion between blood and interstital fluids

What do the veins do?

Return blood from capilliaries to heart

What does blood do?

1. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

2. Transport nutrients and hormones

3. Remove waste

4. Temperature regulation

5. Defence against illness (immune cells)

6. Acid base balance

What are the main components of the respiratory system?

1. Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

2. Pharynx

3. Larynx

4. Trachea

5. Bronchi

6. Lungs

7. Diaphragm

What does the naval cavity and paranasal sinuses do?

Filter and warm and humidy air and detect smells

What does the pharynx do?

Conducts air to larynx

What does the trachea do?

Conducts air

What does the bronchi do?

Conducts air between trachea and lungs

What do the lungs do?

1. Air movement

2. Gas exchange of o2 and c02 in alveoli

3. Acid base control

What does the diaphragm do?

Muscle (skeletal) for chest and air movement

What are the components of the digestive system?

1. Oral cavity

2. Salivary glands

3. Pharynx

4. Oesophagus

5. Stomach

6. Small intestine

7. Liver

8. Gallbladder

9. Pancreas

10. Large intestine and anus

What does the oral cavity do?

Breaks up for working with teeth and tongue

What does the salivary glands do?

1. Buffers and lubricant

2. Enzymes that begin digestion

What does the pharynx do?

1. Solid food and liquids to the oesophagus

2. Champer shared with the respiatory system

What does the oesophagus do?

Deliver food to the stomach

What does the stomach do?

1. Secretes acid

2. Enzymes

3. Hormones

What does the small intestine do?

1. Digestive enzymes

2. Buffers and hormones

3. Absorbs large amounts of nutrients

What does the liver do?

1. Secretes bile

2. Regulates nurtients in blood

What does the gallbladder do?

Concentrates biles

What does the pancreas do?

1. Digestive enzymes

2. Buffers

3. Endocrine cells

What does the large intestine and anus do?

1. Water removal

2. Waste and storage removal

What are the main components of the Unrinary system?

1. Kidneys

2. Ureters

3. Bladder

4. Urethra

What does the kidenys do?

1. Forms and concentrates urine

2. Regulate pH and ions

3. Blood volume and blood pressure

4. Endocrine function

What does the ureters do?

Conducts urine to bladder (tubes connect kidney to bladder)

What does the bladder do?

Stores urine prior to elimination

What does the urethra do?

Conducts urine to exterior

What is EPO?

1. Erythropoietin - glycoprotein hormone produced by interstital fibroblasts in kidney

2. Promotes it in bone marrow

3. Increased activity causes more RBC production

4. Allows blood to have greater capcity of carrying oxygen