Plants...

What is the primary division of plants into two major groups based on the presence of vessels?

Plants are divided into vascular (with vessels) and nonvascular (without vessels) groups.

The life cycle of plants, which consists of two alternating generations, is known as _.

alternation of generations

Which generation in the plant life cycle is diploid (2n) and produces haploid spores through meiosis?

The sporophyte generation.

Which generation in the plant life cycle is haploid (1n) and grows into a plant body that produces male and female gametes?

The gametophyte generation.

What are the three divisions of nonvascular plants?

Mosses (Bryophytes), hornworts (Anthocerophytes), and liverworts (Hepatophytes).

How do nonvascular plants transport nutrients without vascular tissue?

They depend on diffusion and osmosis for nutrient transport.

What are the root-like structures in nonvascular plants that anchor the plant but do not absorb water?

Rhizoids.

What condition is necessary for fertilization to occur in both nonvascular and seedless vascular plants?

Sufficient moisture on the plant surface for the sperm to swim to an egg.

What are the four divisions of seedless vascular plants?

Ferns (Pterophyta), club mosses (Lycophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), and whisk ferns (Psilotophyta).

Which generation, sporophyte or gametophyte, is dominant in the life cycle of seedless vascular plants like ferns?

The sporophyte generation is dominant.

What major reproductive advantage do seed vascular plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) have over seedless plants?

They can reproduce sexually without needing water for fertilization.

What does the term 'gymnosperm' mean, and where are their seeds located?

Gymnosperm means "Naked seed," and the seeds are exposed on the surface of cone-scales.

In gymnosperms, what structure grows from a pollen grain into the female gametophyte to allow sperm to reach the egg?

A pollen tube.

How are angiosperm seeds protected?

They are protected within the body of a fruit.

On what basis are angiosperms divided into the two large classes of monocots and dicots?

They are divided based on the number of seed leaves (cotyledons) on the embryo.

How many cotyledons are found in a monocot seed?

Monocots have one cotyledon in their seed.

How many cotyledons are found in a eudicot (dicot) seed?

Eudicots have two cotyledons in their seed.

Describe the arrangement of root xylem and phloem in monocots.

In monocots, root xylem and phloem are arranged in a ring.

Describe the arrangement of root xylem and phloem in eudicots.

In eudicots, root phloem is located between the arms of the xylem, which is often in a star or cross shape.

How are vascular bundles arranged in the stem of a monocot?

In monocots, vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem.

How are vascular bundles arranged in the stem of a eudicot?

In eudicots, vascular bundles are arranged in a distinct ring.

What pattern do the leaf veins form in monocots?

Monocot leaf veins form a parallel pattern.

What pattern do the leaf veins form in eudicots?

Eudicot leaf veins form a net pattern.

Flower parts in monocots typically occur in multiples of what number?

Three.

Flower parts in eudicots typically occur in multiples of what numbers?

Four or five.

What are the two primary organ systems in vascular plants?

The shoot system and the root system.

What is the function of the shoot system in a vascular plant?

It is used for photosynthesis and reproduction, and consists of stems and leaves.

What is the function of the root system in a vascular plant?

It is used to absorb water and minerals from the soil.

What flexible, thin-walled plant cell type is capable of storage, photosynthesis, gas exchange, and protection?

Parenchyma cells.

Which elongated plant cell type has unevenly thickened walls and provides flexible support for surrounding cells?

Collenchyma cells.

What plant cell type has very thick secondary cell walls containing lignin and provides rigid support for mature plants?

Sclerenchyma cells.

What are the two types of sclerenchyma cells?

Sclereids (stone cells) and fibres.

Which type of sclerenchyma cell is responsible for the gritty texture of pears and the hard covering of seed coats?

Sclereids, also called stone cells.

Plant tissue made of rapidly dividing embryonic cells is known as _ tissue.

meristematic

What type of meristem is found at the tips of roots and stems and is responsible for primary growth (lengthening)?

Apical meristem.

What type of meristem is responsible for secondary growth, which strengthens and widens the stem?

Lateral meristems, which contain vascular cambium and cork cambium.

What is the primary function of dermal tissue in a plant?

It serves as the outer protective covering of a plant.

The _ are paired cells that surround stomata and regulate gas exchange.

guard cells

What are the tiny extensions of epidermal cells on plant roots that increase surface area for absorption?

Root hairs.

What are the fuzzy, hair-like growths on the surface of the epidermis that can cool the leaf or repel herbivores?

Trichomes.

Which plant tissue type contains parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells and performs functions like photosynthesis and storage?

Ground tissue.

What is the function of xylem tissue?

Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.

What is the function of phloem tissue?

Phloem transports nutrients such as sugars throughout the plant.

What theory explains how water moves up the xylem as a result of evaporation from stomata?

The cohesion-tension theory.

The movement of materials, like sugars, from one part of a plant to another is called _.

translocation

What are the two types of living cells that make up phloem tissue?

Sieve tube elements and companion cells.

What is the waxy, non-living exterior layer made by the epidermis that waterproofs a leaf?

The cuticle.

What is the primary function of stomata (singular: stoma)?

To permit gas exchange between the leaf's interior and the external environment.

How do guard cells open a stoma?

Water flows into the guard cells, increasing water pressure and causing them to elongate and bow outwards.

The process by which water molecules escape as water vapour through stomata is called _.

transpiration

What are the tall, thin cells located just below the upper epidermis that are arranged to maximize photosynthesis?

Palisade cells (or palisade mesophyll cells).

What is the difference between a herbaceous stem and a woody stem?

Herbaceous stems are green and flexible, while woody stems are brown, rigid, and can live for a long time.

What are stolons (or runners), such as those on a strawberry plant?

Above-ground horizontal stems that produce new plants where nodes touch the ground.

What are rhizomes, such as those found in grass or potatoes?

Underground, horizontal stems that reproduce asexually from buds at each node.

What is the main difference in structure between a fibrous root system and a taproot system?

A fibrous system has many slender roots, while a taproot system has one dominant large root.

In the plant life cycle, which stage produces gametes?

The gametophyte (1n) stage.

In the plant life cycle, which stage produces spores?

The sporophyte (2n) stage.

In nonvascular plants like mosses, which generation is dominant and provides support to the other?

The gametophyte generation is dominant and supports the smaller sporophyte.

In seed plants, the male gametophytes are small structures that develop into _.

pollen grains

What is the term for when pollen lands on the female reproductive structure of a plant?

Pollination.

What is the name of the male reproductive structure in a flower, consisting of the anther and filament?

The stamen.

What is the name of the female reproductive structure in a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary?

The pistil (or carpel).

What part of the pistil is often sticky and is where pollen attaches?

The stigma.

What structure within the ovary contains the egg cell?

The ovule.

A flower that contains sepals, petals, stamens, and one or more pistils is called a _ flower.

complete (or perfect)

What is a monoecious plant?

A plant that produces separate male and female imperfect flowers on the same individual plant.

What is a dioecious plant?

A plant species that has separate male and female individual plants, each producing only one type of imperfect flower.

What part of the flower develops into a fruit after fertilization?

The ovary wall.

What type of pollination occurs when a plant receives pollen from another plant, ensuring genetic diversity?

Cross-pollination.

What is the process by which growth resumes in a seed after a period of dormancy?

Germination.

What is the first part of the seedling to appear outside the seed coat, which develops into the plant's roots?

The radicle.

What is the region of the stem nearest the seed that is typically the first part of the seedling to appear above the soil?

The hypocotyl.

What is the term for asexual reproduction where new individuals are grown from a portion of the roots, stems, or leaves of an existing plant?

Artificial propagation (or vegetative propagation).

What artificial propagation technique involves joining the vascular cambium tissue of a cut stem (scion) to another plant (stock)?

Grafting.

What artificial propagation technique involves bending a low-hanging branch to the ground to promote root growth?

Simple layering.

What plant hormone stimulates cell growth and expansion and maintains apical dominance?

Auxin.

The phenomenon of a plant bending towards sunlight, known as _, is controlled by auxin.

phototropism

How does auxin cause a plant to bend towards light?

Auxin moves to the shaded side of the stem, causing those cells to elongate more than the cells on the sunny side.

The tendency for the primary stem of a plant to grow more strongly than lateral stems, controlled by auxin, is called _.

apical dominance

Which plant hormone is known for promoting stem elongation between nodes (internodes)?

Gibberellin.

Which plant hormone, produced in the root tips, promotes cell division and delays the aging process?

Cytokinin.

If the concentration of auxin is greater than cytokinin in a tissue culture, what structures will form?

Roots will form.

If the concentration of cytokinin is greater than auxin in a tissue culture, what structures will form?

Shoots will form.

What is the only known plant hormone that exists as a gas and is responsible for ripening fruit?

Ethylene.

How can the ripening process be slowed during the transportation of produce?

By controlling the atmosphere to have low oxygen and high carbon dioxide, which prevents ethylene synthesis.

Which plant hormone is known as the 'stress hormone' and causes stomata to close during a drought?

Abscisic acid (ABA).

How does abscisic acid cause stomata to close?

It signals guard cells to release charged particles, which triggers water to leave the cells, causing them to become flaccid and close the pore.

What is the plant's directional growth response to gravity called?

Geotropism.

What is the plant's directional growth response to touch called?

Thigmotropism.

What deficiency symptom is characterized by yellowing leaves, beginning on the oldest leaves, and slow, stunted growth?

Nitrogen deficiency.

What nutrient deficiency causes foliage to appear dull with reddish/purple undersides, affecting the oldest leaves first?

Phosphorus deficiency.

The death of terminal buds and weak stems are symptoms of a deficiency in which macronutrient?

Calcium.

Interveinal chlorosis (yellowing between veins) that begins on new growth is a classic symptom of _ deficiency.

iron

What is the adaptive advantage of vascular tissue in plants?

It allows plants to grow taller by providing structural support and efficiently transporting water and nutrients over long distances.

How do seeds differ from spores?

Seeds are multicellular structures containing an embryo and a food supply, while spores are typically single-celled and have no stored food.

Job Description: 'Advertising Executive' needed to attract bees with a colourful personality. Which flower part is best qualified?

Petals.

Job Description: 'Door Attendant' to control the entrance to stomata. Which plant cells are best qualified?

Guard cells.

Job Description: 'Conductor' needed to carry water from the roots to the top. Which vascular tissue is best qualified?

Xylem.

Job Description: 'Waiters/Waitresses' to deliver food to hungry plant cells. Which vascular tissue is best qualified?

Phloem.

Job Description: 'Egg Farmer' needed to manage egg production and receive pollen. Which flower part is best qualified?

Pistil.