product design - extra

Aesthetics

The perception

usually associated with the notion of beauty.

Anthropometrics

A branch of ergonomics that deals with body
measurements

Design brief

A written statement that contains an outline of a situation

Computer-aided Design (CAD)

Computer software and hardware is used to draw
and design high quality real or virtual products. CAD streamlines design processes for manufacturing and enables a designer to work faster. Computer software allows a design to be quickly modified

Emotional Appeal

The feelings experienced by a user/owner of a product that involve a sense of well being or provides an emotional experience. To make a person feel an emotional connection when they purchase or own a product and that cost or function are of lesser importance than feelings
associated with the ownership of the product.

Ergonomics

The application of scientific information about the interaction and relationship of human beings to the design of objects

Purpose

function

User-centred design

Designing products to ensure the needs

Intellectual Property (IP)

Intellectual property is generated through intellectual or creative activity. Types of intellectual property protection include patents

Lean manufacturing

Lean manufacturing or lean production is a system and culture which aims at maximising the output of a manufacturing process with minimal inputs with the help of many lean techniques and tools. It aims at reducing work
in progress

Mood board

A form of visual stimulus material

Style Obsolescence

When a product is no longer wanted by consumers

Technical Obsolescence

A product becomes technically obsolete when it is replaced by a better product with more advanced technology.

Functional Obsolescence

When a product wears out

Prototype

A prototype is a three-dimensional pre-production product made to test a concept or process. A prototype is often used to enable designers to explore design alternatives

Qualitative information

Descriptions or feedback based on experience of quality rather than on quantity. Qualitative evaluation of a product refers only to the characteristics of the item being described

Quality measures

A way to measure (quantitatively) the characteristic or attribute of a product. These are methods of checking for quality indicators throughout the production of a product.

Quantitative information

A measurement based on some quantity or number rather than on quality. Numerical data easily represented in charts and graphs.

Rapid three-dimensional prototyping

Manufacturing takes virtual designs from Computer-aided design (CAD) and transforms them into successive layers until the model is complete. The virtual model and the physical model are almost identical. The main advantage
is that almost any shape or geometric feature can be created.

Research and development (R&D)

R&D is scientific and technical involving investigation experimentation

Risk management

Risk management comprises four-steps in controlling OH&S hazards and risks:
Step 1: Identify hazards - know what hazards are present
Step 2: Assess risks - understand the nature of risks

Standards - International and Australian

Detailed technical documents written by experts drawn from industry and government. Products that comply with Australian or International Standards can use the appropriate label (AS or ISO). These products meet the predetermined requirements for example in terms of their size

Values (of products)

Values attributed to products change with context

Innovation and creativity

Innovation requires a creative approach to develop new or improved solutions to unsolved problems and opportunities. This involves invention

Divergent thinking

Considering a wide variety of ways in which a problem might be solved. Could be presenting ideas that are seemingly unrelated.

Convergent thinking

Bringing the most suitable ideas together. The narrowing down of possible ideas to probable ideas.

Working drawings

Consist of "flats" which show the design details of the product and Construction drawings - Precise drawings of pattern pieces or diagrams that show stitching

Creative Thinking

Brainstorming

Critical Thinking

Questioning

Synectic Thinking

Synectics focuses on taking things apart and putting the

SCAMPER

SCAMPER is a mnemonic that stands for:
Substitute.
Combine.
Adapt.
Modify.
Put to another use.
Eliminate.
Reverse.

Visualisations

Rough sketches to get your ideas down quickly

Presentation drawings

Detailed 3D drawings that show the whole product coloured and rendered to convey a fully worked out design solution.

Toile

An early version of a finished garment made up in cheap material so that the design can be tested and perfected.

Flats

Clothing drawn off the body (flat front and back views) showing all details accurately.

Construction drawings

Drawings that show details of construction stages.

Design elements

point

Design principles

balance

Visual

tactile and aesthetic

Sustainability

Involves the connection and interaction between three pillars of sustainability: social

Economics

Time and Cost - costing a product takes into account materials

Legal responsibilities

The legal aspects of product design are: intellectual property (IP) particularly Patents and Design Registration

Australian and International (ISO) standards

regulations and legislation (including OH&S). Products must be produced safely and be safe for the end-user/s.

Materials - characteristics and
properties

Materials appropriate to this study are listed on page 12. Materials are selected for use based on their properties (their performance and behaviour both chemically and physically under certain conditions) and characteristics (visible features). These properties and characteristics include strength

Technologies - tools

processes and manufacturing methods

Constraints

The things that can't be changed (they have to be part of the product design) the things that limit the design (e.g. Appropriate size or budget limits) and the things that are required.

Considerations

The aspects that need to be thought about or researched further and will have some bearing or effect on the finished product.

Quality Statement

Statement about the expected quality of the finished product.

Evaluation Criteria

Evaluation Criteria for design options and finished product.

Primary research

Primary sources are obtained for hand

Secondary Research

Secondary sources are published accounts of information supplied by others. It is when someone else has done the research for you. These include magazines

Design Options

Detailed 3D presentation drawings that show the whole product coloured and rendered to convey a fully worked out design solution.

Primary function

The primary function of a product is the main thing a product does or the basic reason it exists.

Secondary function

The secondary function of a product supports the primary function of a product. i.e aesthetics

Outline of context

This explains the problem or design situation and gives background for the product to be designed. It explains the needs of the end-user/s

End-user profile

Includes information gathered about end-user/s and images relevant to the design situation and brief.

Three pillars of sustainability

Social

Supply Chain

The activities and people that link the conversation and movement of raw materials all the way through to the finished product.

Mandatory standards

A standard becomes mandatory when the government identifies or refers to it as legislation.

Occupational Health and safety (OH&S)

Occupational Health and safety applies to all workplaces - they must be kept safe for employees

Conversion techniques

turning raw materials into useable forms or products.

Stages of a products life

raw material sourcing and processing

Life cycle analysis (LCA)

An assessment of all the outputs and inputs in a products life

Environmental strategies for fabric and fashion

Durable clothing design

Design for disassembly (DfD)

DfD - takes into account the entire product

Extended producer responsibility (EPR)

EPR - is an approach that recognises that manufacturers

Cradle to Cradle (C2C)

C2C - emphasis a recycling plan for the end life of a product

Material Tests

durability

Natural fibres

wool

Synthetic fibres

nylon

Product design factors

The many factors that influence all the activities that designers carry out whilst working through the product design process.

Parameters

Each product design factor has parametres (parameters explain/describe the product design factor) i.e one of the parameters for legal responsibilities is (IP) intellectual property.

Scheduled production plan

Includes the steps

Risk Assessment

Demonstrates understanding of safety precautions and any possible hazards.

Quality measures

Quality measures and checks ensure you create a high quality product.

Evaluation Criteria

Development of criteria to evaluate how well the finished product satisfies the design brief.

• Criterion
• Justification
• Ways to achieve
• Check by

4 Stages of the product design process

1. Investigating and defining
2. Design and development
3. Planning and production
4. Evaluation.

10 Steps of the product design process

1. Identify

The designers role

A designers role is to create viable design solutions. Designers must look carefully at the end-users needs to develop excellent solutions.

CSIRO

Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation - the CSIRO's main role is to carry out scientific research in order to boost australian industries.

New and emerging technologies

Laser printing

Market research

Market research is conducted through interviews

Planned Obsolescence

Planned obsolescence is when manufacturers design a product to be obsolete within a few months or a few years. i.e laptops

Scales of manufacturing

One-off
low-volume production
mass (high-volume) production
Continuous production

One-off manufacturing

Unique custom made product - a specific design is required.

Low-volume production

When a smaller number of products are made for a specific situation.

Mass (high-volume) production

thousands sometimes millions or product are made.

Continuous production

production occurs 24 hours a day

Product attributes

The characters and qualities of a product.

Soft and Hard product attributes

Soft attributes often refers to aesthetics and philosophical aspects of the design. Hard attributes often refer to the function or measurable aspects of the design.

End-user values

End-users value products that:

• Function well
• Look good (aesthetics)
• Last well
• Represent good value
• Incorporate new technology

Designer values

Designers value:

• Balancing the wants and needs of the manufacturer and end-user/consumer to create innovative products.

Manufacturer values

Manufacturers value products that:

• Create a profit

• Are efficient to make

• Create and retain brand credibility

• Are popular

• Function well

Evaluation methods and tools

• Comparing specifications
  (usually quantitative)

• Sales and returns
  (quantitative)

• User trials and testing
  (qualitative and quantitative)

Criteria for testing and comparing

• Visual checking

• Trialling

• Group discussions

• Questionnaires

• Research