Organic Chemistry

Level 3 Chemistry Study!

what functional group has the suffix -al?

aldehyde

what functional group has the suffix -one?

ketone

what functional group has the suffix -oyl halide?

acyl halide

what functional group has the suffix -amide?

amide

what functional group has the suffix -yl -oate?

ester

a/an ______ reaction involves adding a ______ molecule across a _____ bond to form ____ product/s

addition, small, double, one

an addition reaction goes from ________ (unsaturated/saturated) to ________ (unsaturated/saturated)

unsaturated, saturated

markovnikov’s rule states that the ____ get ______, and applies to _______ reactions

rich, richer, addition

markovnikov’s rule states that, if the small molecule and alkene is _______ in the number of __’s attached to the __’s in the C=C bond, _____ products can be formed: a major and minor

asymmetric, H, C, two

to form the _____ product, the __ adds to the C in the C=C bond with the most H’s, and the other group adds to the C with the fewest H’s

major, H

to form the _____ product, the __ adds to the C in the C=C bond with the fewest H’s, and the other group adds to the C with the most H’s

minor, H

alkene —> alkane

addition, H₂ with Pt/Ni

alkene —> haloalkane (Br)

addition, Br₂ or HBr

alkene —> alcohol

addition, H₂O/H+ or d. H₂SO₄

examples of _______ small molecules are H₂O, HCl and HBr

asymmetrical

what functional group has the suffix -ane?

alkane

what functional group has the suffix -ene?

alkene

what functional group has the suffix -yne?

alkyne

what functional group has the suffix -ol?

alcohol

what functional group has the suffix -amine?

amine

what functional group has the suffix -oic acid?

carboxylic acid

a hydrocarbon with at least one C≡C bond is called a/an…

alkyne

a hydrocarbon with at least one C=C bond is called a/an…

alkene

the -OH functional group is an…

alcohol

fluoro- Fl, chloro- Cl, bromo- Br, and iodo- I, are all _____ groups which form a…

halide, haloalkane

a hydrocarbon with a -NH₂ functional group on a C is called a/an…

amine

a hydrocarbon with a =O and -NH₂ functional group on the end of a chain is called a/an…

amide

a hydrocarbon with a -C=O functional group on the end of a chain is called a/an…

aldehyde

a hydrocarbon with a -C=O functional group in the middle of a chain is called a/an…

ketone

a hydrocarbon with a -OH and =O functional group on the end of a chain is called a/an…

carboxylic acid

a hydrocarbon with a -C=O functional group and a halide on the end of a chain is called a/an…

acyl halide

a hydrocarbon with a -C=O functional group adjacent to an alkoxy (O-R) and an R group is called a/an…

ester

when an ester is split down the _____ bond, the chain with a ______ bond is named first (as an alkyl aside chain), then the chain with a ______ bond is named second (with an -oate suffix) (single/double)

single, single, double

an alcohol group can be named with the -___ suffix, or a ____- prefix

ol, hydroxy

haloalkane —> alkene

elimination, KOH (alc)

alcohol —> alkene

elimination, c. H₂SO₄

an elimination reaction goes from ________ (unsaturated/saturated) to ________ (unsaturated/saturated)

saturated, unsaturated

a/an _______ reaction involves the removal of the _______ _____ and an adjacent __, forming a ______ bond between these C’s

elimination, functional group, H, double

zaitsev’s rule states that the ____ get ______, and applies to _______ reactions

poor, poorer, elimination

zaitsev’s rule states that, if the molecule is ______ in the number of __’s attached to each ______ C to the C with the functional group, ____ products will form: a major and a minor

asymmetric, H, adjacent, two

the _____ product forms when the H is removed from the adjacent C with the fewest H’s, as well as the functional group, to form the C=C bond

major

the _____ product forms when the H is removed from the adjacent C with the most H’s, as well as the functional group, to form the C=C bond

minor

a/an ________ reaction involves _______ functional groups

swapping

substitution reactions keep the C skeleton of the molecule the same, and result in the formation of _____ (one/multiple) products

multiple

carboxylic acid —> acyl chloride

substitution, SOCl₂

acyl chloride —> carboxylic acid

substitution, H₂O

the reaction from acyl chloride —> carboxylic acid is very __________ (exothermic/endothermic), and causes violent fizzing with ____ (g) produced as a byproduct

exothermic, HCl

carboxylic acid —> amide

substitution, c. NH₃ or NH₃ with heat

acyl chloride —> amide

substitution, NH₃ (alc) or amine (alc)

esterfication requires an _______, and either a ________ _____ or an _____ _______

alcohol, carboxylic acid, acyl chloride

amidification and esterfication both produce a small molecule as a byproduct (H₂O or HCl) so are classified as ________ reactions

condensation

_____ conditions involve heating reactions within a ______, to _______ the rate of reaction while avoiding ________

reflux, condenser, increase, evaporation

alcohol —> ester

substitution, carboxylic acid with reflux and c.H₂SO₄, or acyl chloride

reacting an alcohol with a/an _____ _____ (carboxylic acid / acyl chloride) to form an ester requires reflux conditions and the addition of c. H₂SO₄, while a/an _____ _____ (carboxylic acid / acyl chloride) is more reactive and does not require reflux conditions or c. H₂SO₄

carboxylic acid, acyl chloride

carboxylic acid —> ester

substitution, alcohol with reflux and c. H₂SO₄

acyl chloride —> ester

substitution, alcohol

a/an ______ reaction involves increasing the number of O bonds or decreasing the number of H bonds in an organic molecule

oxidation

alkene —> diol

oxidation, MnO₄^-

the only reaction in which MnO₄^- is used as a reagent without first being acidified is _______ —> _______

alkene, diol

2° alcohol —> ketone

MnO₄^-/H⁺ or Cr₂O₇^2-/H⁺ with reflux

1° alcohol —> aldehyde

MnO₄^-/H⁺ or Cr₂O₇^2-/H⁺ with reflux

aldehyde —> carboxylic acid

MnO₄^-/H⁺ or Cr₂O₇^2-/H⁺ with reflux

only __° alcohols will not oxidise, as a C-C bond cannot be broken to form a C=O bond

3

unless aldehydes are removed as they are made using _______, 1° alcohols will oxidise to ________ ______

distillation, carboxylic acids

will primary, secondary or tertiary alcohols oxidise to ketones?

secondary

will primary, secondary or tertiary alcohols oxidise to carboxylic acids (with aldehydes as an intermediate)?

primary

a/an ______ reaction involves decreasing the number of O bonds or increasing the number of H bonds in an organic molecule

reduction

ketone —> alcohol

NaBH₄

aldehyde —> alcohol

NaBH₄

carboxylic acid —> aldehyde

LiAlH₄

a ketone will reduce to a ______ alcohol

secondary

an aldehyde will reduce to a _______ alcohol

primary

alkane —> haloalkane (Br)

Br₂ with UV

alcohol —> haloalkane (Cl)

PCl₃ or PCl₅ or SOCl₂

haloalkane —> alcohol

KOH (aq)

haloalkane —> amine

NH₃ (alc) or c.NH₃ or R-NH₂

NaBH₄ is _______ _________

sodium borohydride

LiAlH₄ is _______ _______ _______

lithium aluminium hydride