Studied by 1 personwhat are the elements never found by themselves in nature?
hydrogen - H2 fluorine -F2 iodine - I2 oxygen - 02 chlorine - Cl2 astatine - At2 nitrogen - N2 bromine - Br2 phosphorus - P4 sulphur - S8
what is an acid
compound that dissolves into water forms a solution with a PH lower than 7 often contain hydrogen
what's a base
compound that dissolves into water, forms a solution with a PH greater than 7 often contain hydroxide
properties of acids?
taste sour
aren't slippery
PH less than 7
Conductive
properties of bases?
-taste bitter
slippery
PH greater than 7
conductive
how do bases react to indicators
turns red litmus paper blue
turns bromythal blue, blue
is a bluish purple on universal indicator
turns phenolphthalein pink
how do acids react to indicators
turns blue litmus paper red
is reddish pink on universal indicator
turns bromythal blue, yellow
(doesn't change) phenolphthalein remains colourless
what's the PH scale
measure of how basic or acidic a solution is, with 0 being extremely acidic, 14 extremely basic and 7 neutral
what's solubility?
ability of substance to dissolve in a certain solvent
what's a precipitate?
insoluble substances ( a solid)
what's dissociation?
the splitting of ions of an ionic compound in water
what happens to the crystal lattice structure in dissociation?
the lattice breaks apart and ions are free to move around in solvent
what can happen when two ionic compounds are placed in water?
a precipitate can form between the free ions of the compounds
what's an exothermic reaction
where there's a release of energy and energy is a product
what's an endothermic reaction?
where there's an absorption of energy and energy is a reactant
the breaking of bonds is _____________?
endothermic
the forming of new chemical bonds is_______________?
exothermic
what's the law of conservation of energy
energy can be converted into different forms, BUT the total energy of the universe stays the same
what's the law of conservation of mass
total mass of reacting ( reactants) substances is always equal to the mass of resulting (products) substances
what are the exceptions to the acid naming rules?
organic compounds ( made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen mainly) - when writing formula don't have to start with hydrogen
sulfur ( add "ur" before the "ic" or "ous" when classically naming)
phosphorus ( add "or" before the "ic" or "ous" when classically naming) chemical reaction
chemical reaction
a reaction that happens due to one or more substances changing to form different substances
involves a change of energy (ex; temp change, emission of light, emission of sound, electrical energy)
chemical change
one or more substances changing to form different substances
how to know if a chemical change has occurred?
two of more of the evidences are apparent: odour change, colour change, formation of a gas, formation of a precipitate, etc
what's the best indicator of chemical reaction
a new substance is formed and cannot be reversed
in chemical reactions what needs to happen to energy?
be either absorbed or released
in a chemical equation the arrow signifies what?
the direction a reaction is going from the reactants and the products
chemical equations consist of ?
3 parts... reactants, products and the arrow that separates them
what are reactants in a chemical equation?
the ingredients of a chemical reaction (always on the left side)
what are products in a chemical equation?
the chemicals formed FROM the reactants ( always on the right side)
what are the 13 common molecular compounds that don't follow the prefix rule?
propane methane ethane ethanol ( ethyl alcohol) acetic acid (ethanoic acid) ammonia glucose sucrose hydrogen sulfide ozone water hydrogen peroxide
what are the properties of ionic compounds?
transfer of electrons
ionic bonds -form crystal lattices
usually solid at room temp
conduct electricity in a solution (electrolytes)
high melting and boiling point
hard and brittle
what are the properties of molecular compounds?
share electrons
covalent bonds
non metals bonded together
s, l, g at room temp
typically don't conduct electricity in solution ( nonelectrolytes)
propane's formula?
C3H8 (g)
what's propane's state
a gas
methane's formula?
CH4 (g)
methane state?
a gas
methanol formula?
CH3OH (l)
methanol state?
liquid
ethane formula?
C2H6 (g)
ethane state?
gas
ethanol formula? (ethyl alcohol)
C2H5OH (l)
acetic acid formula? (ethanoic acid)
CH3COOH (aq)
acetic acid state?
aqueous
what's propane's formula?
C3H8 (g)
ammonia formula?
NH3 (g)
ammonia state?
gas
glucose formula?
C6H12O6 (s)
glucose state?
solid
hydrogen sulfide formula?
H2S (g)
ozone's formula?
O3 (g)
sucrose formula?
C12H22O11 (s)
sucrose state?
solid
hydrogen peroxides formula?
H2O2 (L)
hydrogen peroxides state?
liquid
list the types of chemical reactions (7)
formation decomposition single replacement double replacement combustion hydrocarbon combustion neutralization
what happens in a formation reaction?
two elements reacting, form one compound ( A + B =AB)
what happens in a decomposition reaction?
one compound decomposing, forming two different elements (AB > A + B)
what happens in a single replacement reaction?
one compound reacting with one element, forming one new compound and one new element ( AB + C = CB + A OR DE + F = DF + E)
what's a double replacement reaction?
two compounds reacting, forming two new compounds ( AB + CD = AD + CB)
what's a combustion reaction?
when any substance reacts with oxygen, can be thought of as burning ( ex: 4 Fe (S) + 3 02 (G) = 2 Fe2O3 (S) ) ( ex 2: 2 Mg (s) + 02 (g) = 2MgO (s)
what's a hydrocarbon combustion?
one hydrocarbon reacting with oxygen gas, forming carbon dioxide and water (CxHyOz + O2 = CO2 + H2O)
what's a neutralization reaction?
acid reacting with base, forming water and an ionic salt
what is nuclear notation?
aka isotope rotation, used to represent the different isotopes of an atom
top number is the name of the element and molar mass ( ex: carbon 12- 12 C6)
bottom number is number of protons (ex: carbon 12- 12C6
define insolubility
meaning substance can't dissolve into a solvent
Note 
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