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What year was Frye v. United States?
1923
What case in the USA addressed the admissibility of scientific evidence?
Frye v. United States
What year was the structure of DNA modelled?
1953
Who contributed to the understanding of the structure of DNA?
Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin
What year was the Australian Academy of Forensic Science is established?
1967
What year was the Australian Forensic Science Society established?
1971
What year did Kary Mullis develops enzymatic amplification that developed to the PCR method of replicating particular regions of a DNA molecule?
1983
Who developed the PCR method?
Kary Mullis
What year did was the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) method developed for human identification?
1984
Who develops the method of identifying individuals from DNA?
Alec Jeffreys
Who developed 'DNA Fingerprinting'?
Alec Jeffreys
What year was DNA first applied to a forensic case in the UK?
1985
What was the first forensic case to apply DNA methods in the UK?
An immigration case
Who applies the use of DNA in the first forensic case in the UK?
Alec Jeffreys and Peter Gill
What year was the first criminal case that DNA was used in the UK?
1986
Who applies the use of DNA in the first criminal forensic case in the UK?
Alec Jeffreys and Peter Gill
What was the first application of DNA methods to the first criminal case in the UK?
Links two crimes together
What was the name commonly given to the first criminal case where DNA methods were applied?
Colin Pitchfork Case
Which case was the first case where DNA methods were used to exonerate a suspect?
Colin Pitchfork Case
Which case was the first case where DNA methods were used to link two crimes together?
Colin Pitchfork Case
What year was the first civil court case that used PCR-based DNA testing in forensic science in the USA?
1986
What was the first civil case that used PCR-based DNA testing in forensic science in the USA?
People v. Pestinikas
Who was the first to use PCR-based DNA testing to a civil forensic case in the USA?
Edward Blake
What marker was first used in the PCR-based DNA testing in a civil case in the USA?
HLA DQ-alpha
What type of case was first used in the PCR-based DNA testing in the USA?
Civil case
What year was the first commercial PCR typing kit specifically for forensic use in the USA?
1987
What marker was the first commercial PCR based DNA typing kit targeting?
HLA DQ-alpha
Which company developed the first PCR based DNA typing kit?
Cetus Corporation
What year was the first conviction based on DNA evidence in the UK?
1987
When was Robert Melias convicted of rape becoming the first person to be convicted of a crime on the basis of DNA evidence in the UK?
1987
Who was the first person in the UK to be convicted of sexual assault (rape) based on DNA evidence?
Robert Melias
What year was DNA profiling introduced for the first time in a U.S. criminal court?
1987
When was RFLP analysis performed by Lifecodes first used in a criminal court in the USA?
1987
Who was the first in the USA to be convicted of a series of sexual assaults in Orlando, Florida based on RFLP DNA Profiling?
Tommy Lee Andrews
What year was the New York v. Castro case in the USA?
1987
When was the first case in which the admissibility of DNA was seriously challenged in the USA with the New York v. Castro case?
1987
Which case in the USA set in motion a string of events that culminated in a call for certification, accreditation, standardisation, and quality control guidelines for both DNA laboratories and the general forensic community.
New York v Castro
When did the Australian Forensic Science Society changed its name to the Australian and New Zealand Forensic Science Society?
1988
When did the FBI begins to use DNA in casework?
1988
When was Genetic Technologies Corporation a commercial DNA typing laboratory established in Australia to start using the Lifecodes DNA typing system in forensic science?
1989
When did New South Wales established a state crime laboratory for DNA analysis?
1989
What year did Victoria establishes a state crime laboratory for DNA analysis?
1989
What year was the first case in the USA, to have a conviction overturned on the basis of DNA evidence?
1989
What year was the Gary Dotson case, the first person to have a conviction overturned on the basis of DNA evidence in the USA?
1989
Who was the first person to have their conviction overturned based on DNA evidence in the USA?
Gary Dotson
When was the first use of DNA in an investigation of a sexual assault in Canada?
1989
When was the first DNA case presented in court that was processed by the law enforcements labs?
1989
When was Australia's first court case involving DNA evidence?
1989
Who was the first person in Australia convicted using DNA evidence?
Desmond Applebee
When did the Centre of Forensic Science in Toronto begin DNA use in forensic casework?
1990
When the D1S80 locus (pMCT118) for forensic DNA analysis first published?
1990
When did The Working Group on DNA Analytical Methods (TWGDAM) produces the first guideline for DNA use in forensic casework in the USA?
1991
When does the FBI start using the DQalpha kit in casework?
1992
When was the National Institute of Forensic Science as a directorate within the Australian and New Zealand Policing Advisory Agency (ANZPAA NIFS) founded?
1992
When was the Daubert et al. v. Merrell Dow case in the USA?
1993
Which case in the U.S. federal court relaxed the Frye standard for admission of scientific evidence?
Daubert et al. v. Merrell Dow
When did the world's first national DNA database commence operations in the UK?
1995
When was the DNA Database established in New Zealand?
1996
When did the FBI set up NDIS (National DNA Index System)?
1997
When was ProfilePlus established as the national standard for profiling in Australia?
1997
When did the FBI launche the CODIS Database?
1998
When did the National Criminal Investigation DNA Database (NCIDD) start operating nationally in Australia?
2001
When was the first Australian case where DNA evidence assisting with the exoneration of a convicted offender.
2001
When was Mr Frank Button released from a Queensland jail after DNA was used to exonerate him of sexual assault?
2001
What was the name of the first Australian case where DNA was used to exonerate a convicted offender?
Frank Button case
When was the R v Jama case in Australia?
2009
Which case identified that contamination of DNA evidence resulted in an individual being wrongly convicted and imprisoned of sexual assault in Victoria?
Jama case
Microgram
µg
Microlitre
µL
A blood typing system
ABO
Ancient DNA
aDNA
A small region of DNA
Allele
The second step in a PCR where the primers bind to the single stranded template DNA
Annealing
Bovine serum albumen
BSA
The documentation taken to record the whereabouts of the evidence from the crime scene to the laboratory
Chain of Custody
Tightly coiled structure of DNA.
Chromosome
The details and notes recorded at the time that the testing was performed
Contemporaneous notes
The principle of evidence being tracked and traceable from the crime scene to the laboratory for testing
Continuity of Evidence
The first step in a PCR where the double stranded DNA separates into single stranded DNA
Denaturation
A technique performed on samples where a mixture of epithelial and spermatozoa cells were present.
Differential extraction
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
A molecule that contains the instructions an organism needs to develop, live and reproduce
DNA
An enzyme used to amplify DNA in PCR
DNA polymerase
Deoxynucleotide triphosphate
dNTP
Disaster Victim Identification
DVI
The third step of a PCR where the new strand of DNA is elongated
Extension
The administration and control of evidence related to an event so that it can be used to prove the circumstances of the event.
Evidence Management
The latin derivative for forensic
forensis
Gram
g
This predicts the stability of allele and genotype frequencies from one generation to the next.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
The alleles can be resolved from one another
Heterozygote
Both alleles are the same length
Homozygote
Hypervariable region 1
HV1
Hypervariable region 2
HV2
In place
in situ
This term is used when two DNA profiles match.
Inclusion
A presumptive test for blood
Kastle-Meyer
Litre
L
The Principle of Impact and Exchange
Locard's Principle
A presumptive test for blood
Luminol
Note 
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