Карточки 2003ESC Forensic Biology Easy | Quizlet

What year was Frye v. United States?

1923

What case in the USA addressed the admissibility of scientific evidence?

Frye v. United States

What year was the structure of DNA modelled?

1953

Who contributed to the understanding of the structure of DNA?

Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin

What year was the Australian Academy of Forensic Science is established?

1967

What year was the Australian Forensic Science Society established?

1971

What year did Kary Mullis develops enzymatic amplification that developed to the PCR method of replicating particular regions of a DNA molecule?

1983

Who developed the PCR method?

Kary Mullis

What year did was the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) method developed for human identification?

1984

Who develops the method of identifying individuals from DNA?

Alec Jeffreys

Who developed 'DNA Fingerprinting'?

Alec Jeffreys

What year was DNA first applied to a forensic case in the UK?

1985

What was the first forensic case to apply DNA methods in the UK?

An immigration case

Who applies the use of DNA in the first forensic case in the UK?

Alec Jeffreys and Peter Gill

What year was the first criminal case that DNA was used in the UK?

1986

Who applies the use of DNA in the first criminal forensic case in the UK?

Alec Jeffreys and Peter Gill

What was the first application of DNA methods to the first criminal case in the UK?

Links two crimes together

What was the name commonly given to the first criminal case where DNA methods were applied?

Colin Pitchfork Case

Which case was the first case where DNA methods were used to exonerate a suspect?

Colin Pitchfork Case

Which case was the first case where DNA methods were used to link two crimes together?

Colin Pitchfork Case

What year was the first civil court case that used PCR-based DNA testing in forensic science in the USA?

1986

What was the first civil case that used PCR-based DNA testing in forensic science in the USA?

People v. Pestinikas

Who was the first to use PCR-based DNA testing to a civil forensic case in the USA?

Edward Blake

What marker was first used in the PCR-based DNA testing in a civil case in the USA?

HLA DQ-alpha

What type of case was first used in the PCR-based DNA testing in the USA?

Civil case

What year was the first commercial PCR typing kit specifically for forensic use in the USA?

1987

What marker was the first commercial PCR based DNA typing kit targeting?

HLA DQ-alpha

Which company developed the first PCR based DNA typing kit?

Cetus Corporation

What year was the first conviction based on DNA evidence in the UK?

1987

When was Robert Melias convicted of rape becoming the first person to be convicted of a crime on the basis of DNA evidence in the UK?

1987

Who was the first person in the UK to be convicted of sexual assault (rape) based on DNA evidence?

Robert Melias

What year was DNA profiling introduced for the first time in a U.S. criminal court?

1987

When was RFLP analysis performed by Lifecodes first used in a criminal court in the USA?

1987

Who was the first in the USA to be convicted of a series of sexual assaults in Orlando, Florida based on RFLP DNA Profiling?

Tommy Lee Andrews

What year was the New York v. Castro case in the USA?

1987

When was the first case in which the admissibility of DNA was seriously challenged in the USA with the New York v. Castro case?

1987

Which case in the USA set in motion a string of events that culminated in a call for certification, accreditation, standardisation, and quality control guidelines for both DNA laboratories and the general forensic community.

New York v Castro

When did the Australian Forensic Science Society changed its name to the Australian and New Zealand Forensic Science Society?

1988

When did the FBI begins to use DNA in casework?

1988

When was Genetic Technologies Corporation a commercial DNA typing laboratory established in Australia to start using the Lifecodes DNA typing system in forensic science?

1989

When did New South Wales established a state crime laboratory for DNA analysis?

1989

What year did Victoria establishes a state crime laboratory for DNA analysis?

1989

What year was the first case in the USA, to have a conviction overturned on the basis of DNA evidence?

1989

What year was the Gary Dotson case, the first person to have a conviction overturned on the basis of DNA evidence in the USA?

1989

Who was the first person to have their conviction overturned based on DNA evidence in the USA?

Gary Dotson

When was the first use of DNA in an investigation of a sexual assault in Canada?

1989

When was the first DNA case presented in court that was processed by the law enforcements labs?

1989

When was Australia's first court case involving DNA evidence?

1989

Who was the first person in Australia convicted using DNA evidence?

Desmond Applebee

When did the Centre of Forensic Science in Toronto begin DNA use in forensic casework?

1990

When the D1S80 locus (pMCT118) for forensic DNA analysis first published?

1990

When did The Working Group on DNA Analytical Methods (TWGDAM) produces the first guideline for DNA use in forensic casework in the USA?

1991

When does the FBI start using the DQalpha kit in casework?

1992

When was the National Institute of Forensic Science as a directorate within the Australian and New Zealand Policing Advisory Agency (ANZPAA NIFS) founded?

1992

When was the Daubert et al. v. Merrell Dow case in the USA?

1993

Which case in the U.S. federal court relaxed the Frye standard for admission of scientific evidence?

Daubert et al. v. Merrell Dow

When did the world's first national DNA database commence operations in the UK?

1995

When was the DNA Database established in New Zealand?

1996

When did the FBI set up NDIS (National DNA Index System)?

1997

When was ProfilePlus established as the national standard for profiling in Australia?

1997

When did the FBI launche the CODIS Database?

1998

When did the National Criminal Investigation DNA Database (NCIDD) start operating nationally in Australia?

2001

When was the first Australian case where DNA evidence assisting with the exoneration of a convicted offender.

2001

When was Mr Frank Button released from a Queensland jail after DNA was used to exonerate him of sexual assault?

2001

What was the name of the first Australian case where DNA was used to exonerate a convicted offender?

Frank Button case

When was the R v Jama case in Australia?

2009

Which case identified that contamination of DNA evidence resulted in an individual being wrongly convicted and imprisoned of sexual assault in Victoria?

Jama case

Microgram

µg

Microlitre

µL

A blood typing system

ABO

Ancient DNA

aDNA

A small region of DNA

Allele

The second step in a PCR where the primers bind to the single stranded template DNA

Annealing

Bovine serum albumen

BSA

The documentation taken to record the whereabouts of the evidence from the crime scene to the laboratory

Chain of Custody

Tightly coiled structure of DNA.

Chromosome

The details and notes recorded at the time that the testing was performed

Contemporaneous notes

The principle of evidence being tracked and traceable from the crime scene to the laboratory for testing

Continuity of Evidence

The first step in a PCR where the double stranded DNA separates into single stranded DNA

Denaturation

A technique performed on samples where a mixture of epithelial and spermatozoa cells were present.

Differential extraction

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA

A molecule that contains the instructions an organism needs to develop, live and reproduce

DNA

An enzyme used to amplify DNA in PCR

DNA polymerase

Deoxynucleotide triphosphate

dNTP

Disaster Victim Identification

DVI

The third step of a PCR where the new strand of DNA is elongated

Extension

The administration and control of evidence related to an event so that it can be used to prove the circumstances of the event.

Evidence Management

The latin derivative for forensic

forensis

Gram

g

This predicts the stability of allele and genotype frequencies from one generation to the next.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

The alleles can be resolved from one another

Heterozygote

Both alleles are the same length

Homozygote

Hypervariable region 1

HV1

Hypervariable region 2

HV2

In place

in situ

This term is used when two DNA profiles match.

Inclusion

A presumptive test for blood

Kastle-Meyer

Litre

L

The Principle of Impact and Exchange

Locard's Principle

A presumptive test for blood

Luminol