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Ciliophora
Balantidium coli - Classification:
Balantidium coli
Largest protozoan and only ciliate known to affect humans. Has the ability to attack large intestine causing dysentery
Balantidiasis/ Balantidiosis/ Balantidial dysentery
Balantidium coli causes:
Pigs and Swine
Balantidium coli: Primary reservoir
binary fission
Balantidium coli: Asexual Reproduction -
Conjugation
Balantidium coli: Sexual Reproduction -
30 to 150 μm long and 25 to 120 μm wide
Balantidium coli: Trophozoite Stage - Size
Rotary and Spherical
Balantidium coli: Trophozoite Stage - Motility
Cilia
Balantidium coli: Trophozoite Stage - for locomotion
Cystotome
Balantidium coli: Trophozoite Stage - Oral apparatus (Acquires food)
Cytopyge
Balantidium coli: Trophozoite Stage - Waste excretion (Rounded posterior end)
Macronucleus
Balantidium coli: Trophozoite Stage - Nucleus (vegetative and asexual reproduction)
Micronucleus
Balantidium coli: Trophozoite Stage - Nucleus (sexual reproduction)
Osmoregulatory organelles
Balantidium coli: Trophozoite Stage - Two contractile vacuoles
40 to 60 μm in diameter
Balantidium coli: Cyst stage - Size
Non-Motile
Balantidium coli: Cyst stage - Motility
Thick cell wall
Balantidium coli: Cyst stage - Double cyst wall → Retracted cilia:
Row of cilia is found between cell walls
Balantidium coli: Cyst stage - Young cyst
No cilia
Balantidium coli: Cyst stage - Mature cyst
Blastocystis hominis
Formerly classified as yeast. Inhabitant of lower intestinal tract.
binary fission/ sporulation
Blastocystis hominis: Reproduction - Asexual
Vacuolated
Multiple fission
Granular from
Ameba-like forms
Avacuolar
Cyst
Blastocystis hominis: May assume in these morphological forms:
Ingestion of cyst from contaminated food or water, Fecal-oral route
Blastocystis hominis: Mode of Transmission
Ingestion of food and/or water contaminated with Balantidium coli cyst.
Balantidium coli: Mode of Transmission
Cyst stage
Balantidium coli: Infective stage
4-5 days
Balantidium coli: Incubation period
Several weeks
Balantidium coli: Cyst viability
hydraluronidase
Balantidiasis/ Balantidial dysentery: Lytic enzyme ____________ ; produced by the trophozoite
Rounded base with wide neck
Balantidiasis/ Balantidial dysentery: Ulcer -
flask-shaped narrow necked
In contrast to the ___________ ulcers of amebiasis.
Direct examination
Concentration techniques
Sigmoidoscopy
Balantidium coli: Lab Diagnosis
Tetracycline
Metronidazole
Doxycycline
Nitazoxanide
Balantidium coli: Treatment
Blastocystosis
Can cause abdominal cramps, IBS, bloating, flatulence, mild to moderate diarrhea without fecal leukocytes or blood
Direct examination
Concentration techniques
Permanent slides (Hematoxylin Stain and Trichrome Stain)
Culture (Boeck and Drbohlav’s media & Nelson and Jones media)
Blastocystis hominis: Lab DIagnosis
Metronidazole
Iodoquinol
TMP-SMX (Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)
Blastocystis hominis: Treatment
WBC’s and Yeast Cells
Artifacts confused with B. hominis: _________ and _________
External transmission
Blastocystis hominis: Cyst → Thick-walled
Reinfraction
Blastocystis hominis: Cyst → Thin-walled
Vacuolated
Blastocystis hominis: Morphological form → Most predominant form; causes diarrhea. Spherical. Large central vacuole: reproductive organelle pushes, the cytoplasm and nuclei (two to four) to the periphery