English - Formality

Neologisms

Newly invented words with no reference to existing words.

Blends

Words formed by combining parts of two morphemes with a combined meaning.

Initialisms

Words formed from the initials of a sequence of words, pronounced as letters.

Acronyms

Words formed from initials of a sequence of words, pronounced as a whole word.

Compounding

Combining two free morphemes into a new word without losing any part.

Conversion

Creating a new word by changing the word class of an existing word.

Contractions

Standardized shortenings of words using apostrophes.

Collocations

Words that frequently occur together due to a strong association.

Borrowing

Adopting lexemes from other languages.

Commonisation

Proper nouns broadening their semantic meaning over time.

Archaism

Lexemes that have fallen out of regular use in English.

Simple Lexical Patterning

Involves repetition of a word with simple changes.

Complex Lexical Patterning

Involves repeated use of words and their affixed forms.

Conversion of word class

Changing word class using suffixes.

Creative word formation

Creating new words through inventive processes.

Affixation (Nominalisation)

Stylistic patterns in texts using affixes.

Reduplication

Repeating part of a word for emphasis.

Diminutives

Special shortenings with a suffix indicating intimacy or fondness.

Alliteration

Repetition of a phoneme at the beginning of words.

Assonance

Repetition of the same vowel sound in a sequence.

Consonance

Repetition of the same consonant sound in a sequence.

Onomatopoeia

Words whose sound imitates their meaning.

Rhythm (meter)

Pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a text.

Rhyme

Repetition of sound units at the end of lines.

Simile

Figurative language comparing two things using 'like' or 'as'.

Idiom

Fixed expressions conveying a meaning beyond the literal words.

Pun

Humorous play on words with multiple meanings.

Personification

Giving human qualities to non-human entities.

Animation

Transfer of animate qualities to inanimate objects.

Metaphor

Equating one thing to another for figurative effect.

Irony

Expressing the opposite of the literal meaning for effect.

Lexical ambiguity

Language with multiple interpretations.

Oxymoron

Expression of seemingly contradictory qualities.

Listing

Placing related elements together, separated by punctuation.

Parallelism

Structural similarity of phrases or sentences placed near each other.

Antithesis

Contrast of ideas or phrases in parallel structure.

Referential

Describes speaker's information objectively, regardless of its truth, to the audience.

Emotive

Enables expression of emotions or desires, focusing on the user's presentation of emotions, whether genuine or not.

Conative

Involves directions, questions, or commands to prompt a reaction from the audience.

Phatic

Establishes and maintains social connections between the user and the audience, often lacking meaning outside a social context.

Metalinguistic

Discusses language itself, used to verify understanding or the appropriateness of language in communication.

Poetic

Emphasizes the message's aesthetics or creativity rather than the communicators themselves.