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Neologisms
Newly invented words with no reference to existing words.
Blends
Words formed by combining parts of two morphemes with a combined meaning.
Initialisms
Words formed from the initials of a sequence of words, pronounced as letters.
Acronyms
Words formed from initials of a sequence of words, pronounced as a whole word.
Compounding
Combining two free morphemes into a new word without losing any part.
Conversion
Creating a new word by changing the word class of an existing word.
Contractions
Standardized shortenings of words using apostrophes.
Collocations
Words that frequently occur together due to a strong association.
Borrowing
Adopting lexemes from other languages.
Commonisation
Proper nouns broadening their semantic meaning over time.
Archaism
Lexemes that have fallen out of regular use in English.
Simple Lexical Patterning
Involves repetition of a word with simple changes.
Complex Lexical Patterning
Involves repeated use of words and their affixed forms.
Conversion of word class
Changing word class using suffixes.
Creative word formation
Creating new words through inventive processes.
Affixation (Nominalisation)
Stylistic patterns in texts using affixes.
Reduplication
Repeating part of a word for emphasis.
Diminutives
Special shortenings with a suffix indicating intimacy or fondness.
Alliteration
Repetition of a phoneme at the beginning of words.
Assonance
Repetition of the same vowel sound in a sequence.
Consonance
Repetition of the same consonant sound in a sequence.
Onomatopoeia
Words whose sound imitates their meaning.
Rhythm (meter)
Pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a text.
Rhyme
Repetition of sound units at the end of lines.
Simile
Figurative language comparing two things using 'like' or 'as'.
Idiom
Fixed expressions conveying a meaning beyond the literal words.
Pun
Humorous play on words with multiple meanings.
Personification
Giving human qualities to non-human entities.
Animation
Transfer of animate qualities to inanimate objects.
Metaphor
Equating one thing to another for figurative effect.
Irony
Expressing the opposite of the literal meaning for effect.
Lexical ambiguity
Language with multiple interpretations.
Oxymoron
Expression of seemingly contradictory qualities.
Listing
Placing related elements together, separated by punctuation.
Parallelism
Structural similarity of phrases or sentences placed near each other.
Antithesis
Contrast of ideas or phrases in parallel structure.
Referential
Describes speaker's information objectively, regardless of its truth, to the audience.
Emotive
Enables expression of emotions or desires, focusing on the user's presentation of emotions, whether genuine or not.
Conative
Involves directions, questions, or commands to prompt a reaction from the audience.
Phatic
Establishes and maintains social connections between the user and the audience, often lacking meaning outside a social context.
Metalinguistic
Discusses language itself, used to verify understanding or the appropriateness of language in communication.
Poetic
Emphasizes the message's aesthetics or creativity rather than the communicators themselves.