Studied by 2 peopleHomeostasis
a balanced internal state
Drive Reduction Theory
our behavior is motivated by biological needs
Primary Needs
biological needs
thirst
Secondary Drives
learned drives
we learn money can supply us with food and water
Arousal Theory
people seek an optimal level of excitement
Yerkes-Dodson Law
optimal arousal = optimal performance
too much arousal = impaired performance because of anxiety
too little arousal = low attention and interest
Opponent-process theory of motivation
People preform activities to stay at their baseline, if people don’t they will eventually return
Incentives
stimuli that we are drawn to due to learning
Self-actualization
need to fulfill our unique potential as a person
Abraham Malow
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Lateral hypothalamus
hunger center
when stimulated, causes the animal to eat
Ventromedial hypothalamus
satisfy center
causes animal to stop eating when it is stimulated
Set-point theory
describes how the hypothalamus might decide what impulses to send
the hypothalamus wants us to be at certain body weight, tells us when to eat
Garcia Effect
whenever nausea is paired with either food or drink
William Masters and Virginia Johnson
documented the sexual response cycle for men and women
initial excitement, plateau phase, orgasm, resolution phase
Extrinsic motivators
outside rewards
grades, salary
Intrinsic motivation
rewards we get internally
enjoyment, satisfaction
Approach-approach conflict
having to choose between two desirable choices
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
having to choose between two unappealing choices
Approach-avoidance conflict
When a situation has both good and bad qualities
James Lange Theory
emotion occurs as a result of physiological reactions to events
bodies react first then we experience the emotional feeling
Stanley Schachter’s two factor theory
the physiological arousal occurs first, then the individual must identify the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as emotion
Hans Selye’s general adaption syndrome (GAS)
describes general response humans and other animals have to a stressful event
alarm reaction: heart rate increases, organism readies itself to face a challenge
resistance: hormones are released to maintain state of readiness
exhaustion: parasympathetic nervous system returns the physiological state to normal
Acute Stress
very short lived
Chronic Stress
stress seems never ending and inescapable
Type A personality
ambitious, hardworking, high levels of hostility
disease prone personality
Type B personality
relaxed, laid back, less competitive
strong social and emotional relationships
Stage theories
Sigmund Freud
oral stage - birth to one year, children enjoy sucking and biting
anal stage - one to three years old, sexually gratified by elimination
phallic stage - three to five years, gratification moves toward genitalia
latency period - six years to puberty, push all sexual feelings out of conscious awareness
adult genital stage- rest of life, seeking pleasure through sexual relationships
Oedipus crisis
Sigmund Freud
boys sexually desire mothers, see fathers as rival
Electra crisis
Sigmund Freud
girls seek fathers and see mother a competition
Sigmund Freud anal fixations
occur due to traumatic toilet training
anal expulsive disorder-messy and disorganized
anal retentive-neat, hyper organized, and a bit compulsive
Id, ego, superego
Id - unconscious follow pleasure principle, exists since birth
Ego - follows the reality principle, emerges around 2-3
Superego - acts as a conscience, develops aro und age 5
Freud Insticts
Eros - life instincts
Thanatos - death instincts
Libido
energy that directs the life instincts
Pleasure principle
Id, wants immediate gratification
Reality principle
negotiate between desires of the id and limitations of the environment
Carl Jung
personal unconscious - individual personal unconscious contains painful or threating memories a person does not wish to confront
collective unconscious - passed down through species, explains similarities between cultures (archetypes, universally shared concepts)
Alfred Adler
ego psychologist
inferiority - fear of failure (motivation)
superiority - desire to achieve
Nomothetic approach
believing same basic traits can be used to describe all peoples personalities
Hans Eysenck
Raymond Cattell
developed the 16 personality factor test to measure 16 basic traits present in all people
Paul Costa and Robert McCrae
Big Five personality trats
- extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience, and emotional stability
Factor analysis
statistical technique used to establish 16 traits or 5 in person
Idiographic theorists
believe using same set of terms to classify people is imposssible
Gordon Allport
believed common traits are useful but in order to get full understanding they need t o look at personal traits
Cardinal dispositions
Gordon Allport
traits that play role
central disposition
secondary disposition
Heritability
a measure of the amount of variation in a trait in a given population that is due to genetics
William Sheldon’s somatotype theory
endomorphs (fat), mesomorphs (muscular), ectomorphs (thin)
each has different personality tyoe
Albert Bandura
believed personality is created by an interaction between person, environments, and persons behavior
triadic reciprocity
George Kelly
Personal-construct theory - people develop their own individual systems of personal constructs
NOT HIS IDEA but based on “fundamental postulate” - peoples behavior is influenced by their cognitions
Locus of Control
Julian Rotter
internal locus of control - people feel they are responsible for what happens to them
external locus of control - people believe their luck and outside forces control their destinies
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
humanistic
root of personality is subjective feelings about self
Barnum Effect
peoples curiosity leads them to believe information assessments even if maybe not true
Note
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